IOVS Physiological Reviews
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Snodderly, D. M.
Right arrow Articles by Delori, F. C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Snodderly, D. M.
Right arrow Articles by Delori, F. C.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol 25, 674-685, Copyright © 1984 by Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

ARTICLES AND REPORTS

The macular pigment. II. Spatial distribution in primate retinas

DM Snodderly, JD Auran and FC Delori

The spatial density distribution of macular pigment in primate retinas was described by two-wavelength microdensitometry of retinal sections. The macular pigment is most dense along the path of the receptor axons in the center of the fovea. Another band of high density is present in the inner plexiform layer in many retinas. The density in both fiber layers declines to low, relatively constant levels within 1 mm eccentricity. Both the total retinal density of macular pigment and the contributions of subsets of the retinal layers were estimated by integrating along the path of light traversing the retina from the vitreal surface to the outer segments. The integrated densities were measured at several eccentricities to establish the profile of macular pigment density along a diameter through the fovea. The macular pigment profile was unimodal in some cases and trimodal in others. The main central peak always occurred in the center of the fovea. The total retinal density of the central peak ranged from 0.42-1.0 absorbance. Most of the pigment is interposed between the outer segments and the stimulating light and is effective as a visual filter. The macular pigment is dichroic, with the major axis of absorption oriented tangential to a circle centered on the fovea. This is consistent with commonly accepted explanations of Haidinger 's brushes.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 IOVSHome page
J. M. Nolan, P. O'Reilly, J. Loughman, J. Stack, E. Loane, E. Connolly, and S. Beatty
Augmentation of Macular Pigment following Implantation of Blue Light-Filtering Intraocular Lenses at the Time of Cataract Surgery
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2009; 50(10): 4777 - 4785.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
M. L. Kirby, M. Galea, E. Loane, J. Stack, S. Beatty, and J. M. Nolan
Foveal Anatomic Associations with the Secondary Peak and the Slope of the Macular Pigment Spatial Profile
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2009; 50(3): 1383 - 1391.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
J. van de Kraats, M. J. Kanis, S. W. Genders, and D. van Norren
Lutein and Zeaxanthin Measured Separately in the Living Human Retina with Fundus Reflectometry
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2008; 49(12): 5568 - 5573.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J OphthalmolHome page
E Loane, C Kelliher, S Beatty, and J M Nolan
The rationale and evidence base for a protective role of macular pigment in age-related maculopathy
Br J Ophthalmol, September 1, 2008; 92(9): 1163 - 1168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
J. M. Nolan, J. M. Stringham, S. Beatty, and D. M. Snodderly
Spatial Profile of Macular Pigment and Its Relationship to Foveal Architecture
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2008; 49(5): 2134 - 2142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
M. J. Kanis, R. P. L. Wisse, T. T. J. M. Berendschot, J. van de Kraats, and D. van Norren
Foveal Cone-Photoreceptor Integrity in Aging Macula Disorder
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2008; 49(5): 2077 - 2081.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J OphthalmolHome page
F Bottoni, L Carmassi, M Cigada, S Moschini, and F Bergamini
Diagnosis of macular pseudoholes and lamellar macular holes: is optical coherence tomography the "gold standard"?
Br J Ophthalmol, May 1, 2008; 92(5): 635 - 639.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
K. Izumi-Nagai, N. Nagai, K. Ohgami, S. Satofuka, Y. Ozawa, K. Tsubota, K. Umezawa, S. Ohno, Y. Oike, and S. Ishida
Macular Pigment Lutein Is Antiinflammatory in Preventing Choroidal Neovascularization
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2007; 27(12): 2555 - 2562.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
A. J. Chucair, N. P. Rotstein, J. P. SanGiovanni, A. During, E. Y. Chew, and L. E. Politi
Lutein and Zeaxanthin Protect Photoreceptors from Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress: Relation with Docosahexaenoic Acid
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2007; 48(11): 5168 - 5177.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
T. S. Aleman, A. V. Cideciyan, E. A. M. Windsor, S. B. Schwartz, M. Swider, J. D. Chico, A. Sumaroka, A. Y. Pantelyat, K. G. Duncan, L. M. Gardner, et al.
Macular Pigment and Lutein Supplementation in ABCA4-Associated Retinal Degenerations
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2007; 48(3): 1319 - 1329.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
J. M. Nolan, J. Stack, E. O'Connell, and S. Beatty
The Relationships between Macular Pigment Optical Density and Its Constituent Carotenoids in Diet and Serum
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2007; 48(2): 571 - 582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch OphthalmolHome page
A. J. Whitehead, J. A. Mares, and R. P. Danis
Macular Pigment: A Review of Current Knowledge
Arch Ophthalmol, July 1, 2006; 124(7): 1038 - 1045.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
T. T. J. M. Berendschot and D. van Norren
Macular Pigment Shows Ringlike Structures
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2006; 47(2): 709 - 714.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
S. H. M. Liew, C. E. Gilbert, T. D. Spector, J. Mellerio, J. Marshall, F. J. van Kuijk, S. Beatty, F. Fitzke, and C. J. Hammond
Heritability of Macular Pigment: A Twin Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 4430 - 4436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
R. T. Smith, J. P. Koniarek, J. Chan, T. Nagasaki, J. R. Sparrow, and K. Langton
Autofluorescence Characteristics of Normal Foveas and Reconstruction of Foveal Autofluorescence from Limited Data Subsets
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 2940 - 2946.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
K. Neelam, N. O'Gorman, J. Nolan, O. O'Donovan, H. B. Wong, K. G. A. Eong, and S. Beatty
Measurement of Macular Pigment: Raman Spectroscopy versus Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2005; 46(3): 1023 - 1032.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J OphthalmolHome page
R T Smith, J K Chan, T Nagasaki, J R Sparrow, and I Barbazetto
A method of drusen measurement based on reconstruction of fundus background reflectance
Br J Ophthalmol, January 1, 2005; 89(1): 87 - 91.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. Bhosale, A. J. Larson, J. M. Frederick, K. Southwick, C. D. Thulin, and P. S. Bernstein
Identification and Characterization of a Pi Isoform of Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTP1) as a Zeaxanthin-binding Protein in the Macula of the Human Eye
J. Biol. Chem., November 19, 2004; 279(47): 49447 - 49454.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
J. Nolan, O. O'Donovan, H. Kavanagh, J. Stack, M. Harrison, A. Muldoon, J. Mellerio, and S. Beatty
Macular Pigment and Percentage of Body Fat
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2004; 45(11): 3940 - 3950.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
M. Neuringer, M. M. Sandstrom, E. J. Johnson, and D. M. Snodderly
Nutritional Manipulation of Primate Retinas, I: Effects of Lutein or Zeaxanthin Supplements on Serum and Macular Pigment in Xanthophyll-Free Rhesus Monkeys
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2004; 45(9): 3234 - 3243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
H.-Y. Chung, H. M. Rasmussen, and E. J. Johnson
Lutein Bioavailability Is Higher from Lutein-Enriched Eggs than from Supplements and Spinach in Men
J. Nutr., August 1, 2004; 134(8): 1887 - 1893.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
E. N. Johnson, M. J. Hawken, and R. Shapley
Cone Inputs in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex
J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2004; 91(6): 2501 - 2514.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch OphthalmolHome page
D.-Y. Zhao, S. W. Wintch, I. V. Ermakov, W. Gellermann, and P. S. Bernstein
Resonance Raman Measurement of Macular Carotenoids in Retinal, Choroidal, and Macular Dystrophies
Arch Ophthalmol, July 1, 2003; 121(7): 967 - 972.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
R. A. Bone, J. T. Landrum, L. H. Guerra, and C. A. Ruiz
Lutein and Zeaxanthin Dietary Supplements Raise Macular Pigment Density and Serum Concentrations of these Carotenoids in Humans
J. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 133(4): 992 - 998.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
A. J. Wenzel, K. Fuld, and J. M. Stringham
Light Exposure and Macular Pigment Optical Density
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2003; 44(1): 306 - 309.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
F. Khachik, F. F. de Moura, D.-Y. Zhao, C.-P. Aebischer, and P. S. Bernstein
Transformations of Selected Carotenoids in Plasma, Liver, and Ocular Tissues of Humans and in Nonprimate Animal Models
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2002; 43(11): 3383 - 3392.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
L. R. Thomson, Y. Toyoda, A. Langner, F. C. Delori, K. M. Garnett, N. Craft, C. R. Nichols, K. M. Cheng, and C. K. Dorey
Elevated Retinal Zeaxanthin and Prevention of Light-Induced Photoreceptor Cell Death in Quail
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2002; 43(11): 3538 - 3549.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
T. T. J. M. Berendschot, J. J. M. Willemse-Assink, M. Bastiaanse, P. T. V. M. de Jong, and D. van Norren
Macular Pigment and Melanin in Age-Related Maculopathy in a General Population
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2002; 43(6): 1928 - 1932.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
L. J. Bour, L. Koo, F. C. Delori, P. Apkarian, and A. B. Fulton
Fundus Photography for Measurement of Macular Pigment Density Distribution in Children
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2002; 43(5): 1450 - 1455.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
Y. Toyoda, L. R. Thomson, A. Langner, N. E. Craft, K. M. Garnett, C. R. Nichols, K. M. Cheng, and C. K. Dorey
Effect of Dietary Zeaxanthin on Tissue Distribution of Zeaxanthin and Lutein in Quail
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2002; 43(4): 1210 - 1221.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
N. P. Davies and A. B. Morland
Color Matching in Diabetes: Optical Density of the Crystalline Lens and Macular Pigments
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2002; 43(1): 281 - 289.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
T. S. Aleman, J. L. Duncan, M. L. Bieber, E. de Castro, D. A. Marks, L. M. Gardner, J. D. Steinberg, A. V. Cideciyan, M. G. Maguire, and S. G. Jacobson
Macular Pigment and Lutein Supplementation in Retinitis Pigmentosa and Usher Syndrome
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2001; 42(8): 1873 - 1881.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
S. Beatty, I. J. Murray, D. B. Henson, D. Carden, H.-H. Koh, and M. E. Boulton
Macular Pigment and Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Subjects from a Northern European Population
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2001; 42(2): 439 - 446.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
R. A. Bone, J. T. Landrum, S. T. Mayne, C. M. Gomez, S. E. Tibor, and E. E. Twaroska
Macular Pigment in Donor Eyes with and without AMD: A Case-Control Study
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2001; 42(1): 235 - 240.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
B. R. Hammond Jr. and M. Caruso–Avery
Macular Pigment Optical Density in a Southwestern Sample
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2000; 41(6): 1492 - 1497.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
R. Goralczyk, F. M. Barker, S. Buser, H. Liechti, and J. Bausch
Dose Dependency of Canthaxanthin Crystals in Monkey Retina and Spatial Distribution of its Metabolites
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2000; 41(6): 1513 - 1522.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
L. M. Rapp, S. S. Maple, and J. H. Choi
Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Rod Outer Segment Membranes from Perifoveal and Peripheral Human Retina
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2000; 41(5): 1200 - 1209.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
P Sumner and J. Mollon
Catarrhine photopigments are optimized for detecting targets against a foliage background
J. Exp. Biol., January 7, 2000; 203(13): 1963 - 1986.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J OphthalmolHome page
S BEATTY, M BOULTON, D HENSON, H-H KOH, and I J MURRAY
Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration
Br J Ophthalmol, July 1, 1999; 83(7): 867 - 877.
[Full Text]

Home page
 Arch OphthalmolHome page
J. D. M. Gass
Muller Cell Cone, an Overlooked Part of the Anatomy of the Fovea Centralis: Hypotheses Concerning Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Macular Hole and Foveomacular Retinoschisis
Arch Ophthalmol, June 1, 1999; 117(6): 821 - 823.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
D. M. Snodderly, B. Shen, R. I. Land, and N. I. Krinsky
Dietary Manipulation of Plasma Carotenoid Concentrations of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
J. Nutr., January 1, 1997; 127(1): 122 - 129.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright © 1984 by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology