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Entry of Human Cytomegalovirus into Retinal Pigment Epithelial and Endothelial Cells by Endocytosis

¹ From the Unité d’Immunologie Virale, ² Station Centrale de Microscopie Electronique, and ³ Unité d’Oncologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; the ⁴ Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands; the ⁵ Department of Natural Sciences, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands; and the ⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Pitié–Salptrière, Paris, France.

PURPOSE. Human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and endothelial cells (HUVECs) are targets of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in vivo with significantly protracted replication in vitro compared with that in fibroblasts. This study analyzes the kinetics and mechanisms of HCMV entry into both cell types.

METHODS. RPE cells were obtained from donor eyes. HUVECs were isolated from human umbilical cords. HCMV entrance was followed by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence in the presence of lysosomotropic agents and cytochalasin B.

RESULTS. Human cytomegalovirus entered into RPE cells and HUVECs as early as 5 minutes after virus–cell contact. Entry was mediated by endocytosis, whereas HCMV enters fibroblasts through fusion. Most internalized viral particles and dense bodies appeared to be degraded within vacuoles. Viral entry, transport of viral proteins to the nucleus, and onset of viral transcription (immediate early [IE] protein expression) were significantly blocked by cytochalasin B. Lysosomotropic agents did not significantly reduce IE expression in RPE cells or HUVECs.

CONCLUSIONS. This study shows that HCMV penetrates these highly specialized relevant cells via endocytosis. The low level of infection and the delay in the onset of HCMV expression seen in these cells compared with fibroblasts may be related to the sequestration and degradation of incoming viral particles in endocytic vacuoles.

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