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Marked Alteration of Sterol Metabolism and Composition without Compromising Retinal Development or Function

¹ From the Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University Eye Institute; the ² Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri; the ³ Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Illinois; and the Departments of ⁴ Neurology and ⁵ Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.

PURPOSE. To evaluate the consequences of altering retinal sterol metabolism and composition on the development, histologic organization, and electrophysiological function of the retina, under conditions that mimic the biochemical hallmarks of the Smith–Lemli–Opitz (SLO) syndrome.

METHODS. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were fed cholesterol-free chow containing AY9944 (treated group), an inhibitor of 3ß-hydroxysterol ⁷-reductase, from gestational day 6 through postnatal day (P)28. Control animals were fed the same chow, but without AY9944. In addition, progeny in the treated group were injected subcutaneously every other day from birth to P28 with an olive oil emulsion containing AY9944; control animals received olive oil emulsion alone. At various postnatal times, tissues from treated and control animals were harvested, and their sterol profiles were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Companion eyes from animals of both groups were examined histologically at P1. At P28, animals were evaluated by electroretinography; tissues were then harvested for biochemical analysis and companion eyes were subjected to histologic and ultrastructural analyses.

RESULTS. Treatment of developing rats with AY9944 caused markedly abnormal accumulation of 7-dehydrosterols and severely reduced cholesterol levels in all tissues examined, relative to control animals. Despite this, treated animals exhibited normal retinal development and had no overt ocular defects or decrease in electroretinographic function, up to P28.

CONCLUSIONS. These results were unexpected, given the known biophysical effects of such sterol alterations on membrane properties and the profound dysmorphic and cognitive abnormalities associated with genetic defects in 3ß-hydroxysterol ⁷-reductase that have been linked to the SLO syndrome. The results suggest that 7-dehydrosterols can substitute functionally for cholesterol in the retina or perhaps can act synergistically with subthreshold levels of residual cholesterol to allow normal cellular structure and function to be achieved.

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