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Impact of Aging and Hyperbaric Oxygen In Vivo on Guinea Pig Lens Lipids and Nuclear Light Scatter

From the ¹ Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine, Louisville; the ² Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan; the ³ Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the ⁴ Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Kentucky.

PURPOSE. To measure lipid compositional and structural changes in lenses as a result of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment in vivo. HBO treatment in vivo has been shown to produce increased lens nuclear light scattering.

METHODS. Guinea pigs, approximately 650 days old at death, were given 30 and 50 HBO treatments over 10- and 17-week periods, respectively, and the lenses were sectioned into equatorial, cortical, and nuclear regions. Lipid oxidation, composition, and structure were measured using infrared spectroscopy. Phospholipid composition was measured using ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. Data were compared with those obtained from lenses of 29- and 644-day-old untreated guinea pigs.

RESULTS. The percentage of sphingolipid approximately doubled with increasing age (29–544 days old). Concomitant with an increase in sphingolipid was an increase in hydrocarbon chain saturation. The extent of normal lens lipid hydrocarbon chain order increased with age from the equatorial and cortical regions to the nucleus. These order data support the hypothesis that the degree of lipid hydrocarbon order is determined by the amount of lipid saturation, as regulated by the content of saturated sphingolipid. Products of lipid oxidation (including lipid hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and aldehydes) and lipid disorder increased only in the nuclear region of lenses after 30 HBO treatments, compared with control lenses. Enhanced oxidation correlated with the observed loss of transparency in the central region. HBO treatment in vivo appeared to accelerate age-related changes in lens lipid oxidation, particularly in the nucleus, which possesses less antioxidant capability.

CONCLUSIONS. Oxidation could account for the lipid compositional changes that are observed to occur in the lens with age and cataract. Increased lipid oxidation and hydrocarbon chain disorder correlate with increased lens nuclear opacity in the in vivo HBO model.

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