| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
From the Cell Biology Laboratory, University Eye Clinic, Geneva, Switzerland.
PURPOSE. To characterize early structural gliotic reactions in retinal Müller cells, astrocytes, and microglia in experimentally induced diabetes.
METHODS. Rats were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injection and killed after 2, 4, 12, or 20 weeks. Cell densities were determined in flatmounted retinas or transverse semithin sections. Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was localized on frozen sections or flatmounts by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, and GFAP content was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Microglial cells were visualized by binding of isolectin B4 or staining with antibodies to phosphotyrosine residues. The integrity of the blood–retinal barrier was assessed by intravenous injection of Evans blue.
RESULTS. The density of Müller cells and microglia was significantly increased at 4 weeks of diabetes compared with nondiabetic controls. GFAP expression in Müller cells was not detected at 4 weeks but was prominent at 12 weeks. The number of astrocytes was significantly reduced at 4 weeks in the peripapillary and far peripheral retina. Shape changes of microglial cells indicated functional activation. Leakage of the blood–retinal barrier was observed at 2 weeks of hyperglycemia, the earliest time point investigated.
CONCLUSIONS. The leakage of the blood–retinal barrier before glial reactivity suggests that glia are early targets of vascular hyperpermeability. The individual glial cell types react differentially to the diabetic state. Müller cells undergo hyperplasia preceding GFAP expression, and microglial cells are activated, whereas astrocytes regress. This glial behavior may contribute decisively to the onset and development of neuropathy in the diabetic retina.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  H.-y. Zeng, W. R. Green, and M. O. M. Tso Microglial Activation in Human Diabetic Retinopathy Arch Ophthalmol, February 1, 2008; 126(2): 227 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. W. Bronson-Castain, M. A. Bearse Jr, Y. Han, M. E. Schneck, S. Barez, and A. J. Adams Association between Multifocal ERG Implicit Time Delays and Adaptation in Patients with Diabetes Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2007; 48(11): 5250 - 5256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. deS. Senanayake, J. Drazba, K. Shadrach, A. Milsted, E. Rungger-Brandle, K. Nishiyama, S.-I. Miura, S. Karnik, J. E. Sears, and J. G. Hollyfield Angiotensin II and Its Receptor Subtypes in the Human Retina Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2007; 48(7): 3301 - 3311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Vincent and S. Mohr Inhibition of Caspase-1/Interleukin-1{beta} Signaling Prevents Degeneration of Retinal Capillaries in Diabetes and Galactosemia Diabetes, January 1, 2007; 56(1): 224 - 230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Antonetti, A. J. Barber, S. K. Bronson, W. M. Freeman, T. W. Gardner, L. S. Jefferson, M. Kester, S. R. Kimball, J. K. Krady, K. F. LaNoue, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy: Seeing Beyond Glucose-Induced Microvascular Disease Diabetes, September 1, 2006; 55(9): 2401 - 2411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Saraswathy, G. Wu, and N. A. Rao Retinal microglial activation and chemotaxis by docosahexaenoic Acid hydroperoxide. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 3656 - 3663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Phipps, P. Yee, E. L. Fletcher, and A. J. Vingrys Rod photoreceptor dysfunction in diabetes: activation, deactivation, and dark adaptation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2006; 47(7): 3187 - 3194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Kramerov, M. Saghizadeh, H. Pan, A. Kabosova, M. Montenarh, K. Ahmed, J. S. Penn, C. K. Chan, D. R. Hinton, M. B. Grant, et al. Expression of Protein Kinase CK2 in Astroglial Cells of Normal and Neovascularized Retina Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2006; 168(5): 1722 - 1736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Lecleire-Collet, L H Tessier, P Massin, V Forster, G Brasseur, J A Sahel, and S Picaud Advanced glycation end products can induce glial reaction and neuronal degeneration in retinal explants Br. J. Ophthalmol., December 1, 2005; 89(12): 1631 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S. Umapathy, W. Li, B. A. Mysona, S. B. Smith, and V. Ganapathy Expression and Function of Glutamine Transporters SN1 (SNAT3) and SN2 (SNAT5) in Retinal Muller Cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2005; 46(11): 3980 - 3987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Feit-Leichman, R. Kinouchi, M. Takeda, Z. Fan, S. Mohr, T. S. Kern, and D. F. Chen Vascular Damage in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Retinopathy: Relation to Neuronal and Glial Changes Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2005; 46(11): 4281 - 4287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C A Westall Detecting ocular-visual function changes in diabetes Br. J. Ophthalmol., November 1, 2005; 89(11): 1392 - 1393. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Layton, G. Chidlow, R. J. Casson, J. P. M. Wood, M. Graham, and N. N. Osborne Monocarboxylate Transporter Expression Remains Unchanged during the Development of Diabetic Retinal Neuropathy in the Rat Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 2878 - 2885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Barber, D. A. Antonetti, T. S. Kern, C. E. N. Reiter, R. S. Soans, J. K. Krady, S. W. Levison, T. W. Gardner, and S. K. Bronson The Ins2Akita Mouse as a Model of Early Retinal Complications in Diabetes Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2005; 46(6): 2210 - 2218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Krady, A. Basu, C. M. Allen, Y. Xu, K. F. LaNoue, T. W. Gardner, and S. W. Levison Minocycline Reduces Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression, Microglial Activation, and Caspase-3 Activation in a Rodent Model of Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetes, May 1, 2005; 54(5): 1559 - 1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Gerhardinger, M. B. Costa, M. C. Coulombe, I. Toth, T. Hoehn, and P. Grosu Expression of Acute-Phase Response Proteins in Retinal Muller Cells in Diabetes Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2005; 46(1): 349 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. X. Zhang, J.-x. Ma, J. Sima, Y. Chen, M. S. Hu, A. Ottlecz, and G. N. Lambrou Genetic Difference in Susceptibility to the Blood-Retina Barrier Breakdown in Diabetes and Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2005; 166(1): 313 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Guidry, R. Feist, R. Morris, and C. W. Hardwick Changes in IGF Activities in Human Diabetic Vitreous Diabetes, September 1, 2004; 53(9): 2428 - 2435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. I. Dorrell, A. Otani, E. Aguilar, S. K. Moreno, and M. Friedlander Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells use R-cadherin to target sites of neovascularization in the developing retina Blood, May 1, 2004; 103(9): 3420 - 3427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Guidry, K. M. Bradley, and J. L. King Tractional Force Generation by Human Muller Cells: Growth Factor Responsiveness and Integrin Receptor Involvement Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2003; 44(3): 1355 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Asnaghi, C. Gerhardinger, T. Hoehn, A. Adeboje, and M. Lorenzi A Role for the Polyol Pathway in the Early Neuroretinal Apoptosis and Glial Changes Induced by Diabetes in the Rat Diabetes, February 1, 2003; 52(2): 506 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Naskar, M. Wissing, and S. Thanos Detection of Early Neuron Degeneration and Accompanying Microglial Responses in the Retina of a Rat Model of Glaucoma Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2002; 43(9): 2962 - 2968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J M Lopes de Faria, H Russ, and V P Costa Retinal nerve fibre layer loss in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy Br. J. Ophthalmol., July 1, 2002; 86(7): 725 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Nakamura, A. J. Barber, D. A. Antonetti, K. F. LaNoue, K. A. Robinson, M. G. Buse, and T. W. Gardner Excessive Hexosamines Block the Neuroprotective Effect of Insulin and Induce Apoptosis in Retinal Neurons J. Biol. Chem., November 16, 2001; 276(47): 43748 - 43755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Gastinger, A. J. Barber, S. A. Khin, C. S. McRill, T. W. Gardner, and D. W. Marshak Abnormal Centrifugal Axons in Streptozotocin- Diabetic Rat Retinas Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2001; 42(11): 2679 - 2685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
