| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 From the Singapore National Eye Centre and Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; 2 Departments of Ophthalmology and 3 Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 4 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison; 5 Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, United Kingdom; and 6 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
PURPOSE. To describe the variation in ocular biometry in adult Chinese individuals in Singapore.
METHODS. This study was a population-based, cross-sectional survey of adult Chinese persons aged 40 to 81 years residing in Tanjong Pagar district, Singapore. Axial ocular dimensions, including axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were measured using an A-scan ultrasound device. Corneal curvature (CC) and noncycloplegic refraction were measured with an autorefractor, with refraction further refined subjectively. Lens nuclear opacity (NO) was graded clinically using the modified Lens Opacity Classification System III (LOCS III) score.
RESULTS. A total of 1717 subjects were eligible for the survey, of whom 1232 (71.8%) participated. Biometric and refraction data were available for 1004 (58.5%) phakic subjects. The AL, ACD, LT, VCD, CC, and LOCS III scores were 23.23 ± 1.17 mm, 2.90 ± 0.44 mm, 4.75 ± 0.47 mm, 15.58 ± 1.11 mm, 7.65 ± 0.27 mm, and 3.2 ± 0.9 (mean ± SD), respectively. On average, people aged 40 to 49 years, when compared with those 70 to 81 years, had longer ALs (mean difference, +0.58 mm), deeper ACDs (+0.52 mm), longer VCDs (+0.72 mm), but thinner lenses (-0.70 mm) and less severe NO (-1.7 LOCS III score). CCs did not vary significantly with age. After controlling for age, women had shorter ALs and VCDs, shallower ACDs, but thicker lenses and steeper CCs than men. The variation in noncycloplegic refraction with age was nonlinear. Among people aged 40 to 59 years, a higher prevalence of hyperopia was seen in older compared with younger persons (on average, a difference of +1.3 D for every 10-year difference in age, P < 0.001), explained principally by shorter AL (and VCD) in older persons. Among those 60 to 81 years, this pattern was not obvious (a difference of -0.03 D for every 10-year difference in age, P = 0.12), as NO became an additional determinant of refraction, with greater degrees of NO in older person’s driving refraction in the "minus" direction.
CONCLUSIONS. Ocular dimensions vary with age and gender in adult Chinese persons in Singapore. The variation in noncycloplegic refraction in people 40 years and older may be explained by differences in axial lengths (principally vitreous chamber depths) between older and younger persons and, from 60 years onwards, differences in lens nuclear opacification as well.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. He, Y.-M. Hur, J. Zhang, X. Ding, W. Huang, and D. Wang Shared Genetic Determinant of Axial Length, Anterior Chamber Depth, and Angle Opening Distance: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2008; 49(11): 4790 - 4794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sugita, M. Kondo, C.-H. Piao, Y. Ito, and H. Terasaki Correlation between Macular Volume and Focal Macular Electroretinogram in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2008; 49(8): 3551 - 3558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Nagai-Kusuhara, M Nakamura, M Fujioka, Y Tatsumi, and A Negi Association of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measured by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography with disc size and axial length Br. J. Ophthalmol., February 1, 2008; 92(2): 186 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Ip, S. C. Huynh, A. Kifley, K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, R. Varma, and P. Mitchell Variation of the Contribution from Axial Length and Other Oculometric Parameters to Refraction by Age and Ethnicity Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2007; 48(10): 4846 - 4853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. L. Young, R. Metlapally, and A. E. Shay Complex Trait Genetics of Refractive Error Arch Ophthalmol, January 1, 2007; 125(1): 38 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Y Wong, S-C Loon, and S-M Saw The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia. Br. J. Ophthalmol., April 1, 2006; 90(4): 506 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ojaimi, I. G. Morgan, D. Robaei, K. A. Rose, W. Smith, E. Rochtchina, and P. Mitchell Effect of Stature and Other Anthropometric Parameters on Eye Size and Refraction in a Population-Based Study of Australian Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 4424 - 4429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Shufelt, S. Fraser-Bell, M. Ying-Lai, M. Torres, R. Varma, and the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Group Refractive Error, Ocular Biometry, and Lens Opalescence in an Adult Population: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 4450 - 4460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-Y. Wu, Y. J. Yoo, B. Nemesure, A. Hennis, M. C. Leske, and the Barbados Eye Studies Group Nine-Year Refractive Changes in the Barbados Eye Studies Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2005; 46(11): 4032 - 4039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S M Saw, W H Chua, G Gazzard, D Koh, D T H Tan, and R A Stone Eye growth changes in myopic children in Singapore Br. J. Ophthalmol., November 1, 2005; 89(11): 1489 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Aung, W. P. Nolan, D. Machin, S. K. L. Seah, J. Baasanhu, P. T. Khaw, G. J. Johnson, and P. J. Foster Anterior Chamber Depth and the Risk of Primary Angle Closure in 2 East Asian Populations Arch Ophthalmol, April 1, 2005; 123(4): 527 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P J Foster Myopia in Asia Br. J. Ophthalmol., April 1, 2004; 88(4): 443 - 444. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wickremasinghe, P. J. Foster, D. Uranchimeg, P. S. Lee, J. G. Devereux, P. H. Alsbirk, D. Machin, G. J. Johnson, and J. Baasanhu Ocular Biometry and Refraction in Mongolian Adults Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 776 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-Y. Cheng, W.-M. Hsu, J.-H. Liu, S.-Y. Tsai, and P. Chou Refractive Errors in an Elderly Chinese Population in Taiwan: The Shihpai Eye Study Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2003; 44(11): 4630 - 4638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Fernandes, D. V. Bradley, M. Tigges, J. Tigges, and J. G. Herndon Ocular Measurements throughout the Adult Life Span of Rhesus Monkeys Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2003; 44(6): 2373 - 2380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Y. Wong, P. J. Foster, G. J. Johnson, and S. K. L. Seah Refractive Errors, Axial Ocular Dimensions, and Age-Related Cataracts: The Tanjong Pagar Survey Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2003; 44(4): 1479 - 1485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Y Wong, P J Foster, G J Johnson, and S K L Seah Education, socioeconomic status, and ocular dimensions in Chinese adults: the Tanjong Pagar Survey Br. J. Ophthalmol., September 1, 2002; 86(9): 963 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E. Lee, B. E. K. Klein, R. Klein, and T. Y. Wong Changes in Refraction over 10 Years in an Adult Population: The Beaver Dam Eye Study Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2002; 43(8): 2566 - 2571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-M. Saw, W.-H. Chua, C.-Y. Hong, H.-M. Wu, W.-Y. Chan, K.-S. Chia, R. A. Stone, and D. Tan Nearwork in Early-Onset Myopia Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2002; 43(2): 332 - 339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N G Congdon, P J Foster, S Wamsley, J Gutmark, W Nolan, S K Seah, G J Johnson, and A T Broman Biometric gonioscopy and the effects of age, race, and sex on the anterior chamber angle Br. J. Ophthalmol., January 1, 2002; 86(1): 18 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Y. Wong, P. J. Foster, G. J. Johnson, B. E. K. Klein, and S. K. L. Seah The Relationship between Ocular Dimensions and Refraction with Adult Stature: The Tanjong Pagar Survey Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2001; 42(6): 1237 - 1242. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Seet, T. Y. Wong, D. T H Tan, S. M. Saw, V. Balakrishnan, L. K H Lee, and A. S M Lim Myopia in Singapore: taking a public health approach Br. J. Ophthalmol., May 1, 2001; 85(5): 521 - 526. [Full Text]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
