HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Mori, T. Articles by Chino, Y. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Mori, T. Articles by Chino, Y. M.

Effects of the Duration of Early Strabismus on the Binocular Responses of Neurons in the Monkey Visual Cortex (V1)

¹ From the College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.

PURPOSE. To determine how the duration of early strabismus influences the severity of loss of disparity sensitivity in V1 neurons and the effects of extensive poststrabismus visual experience on the maintenance of functional binocular connections.

METHODS. Concomitant strabismus was optically simulated in 10 rhesus monkeys using a prism-rearing procedure. The onset of strabismus was kept constant at 4 weeks of age and the duration was maintained for 2, 4, or 8 weeks. In one group of monkeys (infants), the neurophysiological experiments were conducted immediately after the period of rearing with prisms. In another group (adults), after the termination of the prism-rearing regimen at either 8 or 12 weeks of age, the monkeys were kept in a normal housing environment until maturity and behavioral testing was conducted before the recording experiments to determine the animal’s monocular and binocular visual capacities. To assess the effects of the period of early strabismus on binocular interactions in V1, extracellular single-unit recording methods were used in anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys, and dichoptic sine-wave gratings were used as stimuli.

RESULTS. In all strabismic monkeys, the sensitivity of V1 units to interocular spatial phase disparity (disparity sensitivity) was significantly reduced, and the prevalence of binocular suppression was higher than that found in age-matched control animals. Although 8 weeks of strabismus resulted in a slightly larger loss of disparity sensitivity, the overall effects of the duration of strabismus were surprisingly small in infant strabismic monkeys. After poststrabismus visual experience, a small but significantly higher degree of disparity sensitivity was noted in V1 if prism-rearing was terminated after 4 weeks of strabismus (i.e., at 8 weeks of age), but not after 8 weeks of strabismus (i.e., at 12 weeks of age).

CONCLUSIONS. A brief period (2 weeks) of misalignment after the emergence of stereopsis is sufficient to drastically reduce the functional binocular connections in V1, and longer periods of strabismus result in little additional loss in disparity sensitivity. Clinically, these results suggest that taking corrective measures for infantile esotropes before the known onset age for stereopsis may be important for maintaining better binocular sensory function and better interocular alignment at later stages of development.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				L. Tychsen, M. Richards, A. M. F. Wong, J. Demer, D. Bradley, A. Burkhalter, and P. Foeller Decorrelation of Cerebral Visual Inputs as the Sufficient Cause of Infantile Esotropia Amer. Orthoptic Jrnl., January 1, 2008; 58(1): 60 - 69. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. R. Economides, D. L. Adams, C. M. Jocson, and J. C. Horton Ocular Motor Behavior in Macaques With Surgical Exotropia J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2007; 98(6): 3411 - 3422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Nakatsuka, B. Zhang, I. Watanabe, J. Zheng, H. Bi, L. Ganz, E. L. Smith, R. S. Harwerth, and Y. M. Chino Effects of Perceptual Learning on Local Stereopsis and Neuronal Responses of V1 and V2 in Prism-Reared Monkeys J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2007; 97(4): 2612 - 2626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Sakai, H. Bi, I. Maruko, B. Zhang, J. Zheng, J. Wensveen, R. S. Harwerth, E. L. Smith III, and Y. M. Chino Cortical Effects of Brief Daily Periods of Unrestricted Vision During Early Monocular Form Deprivation J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2006; 95(5): 2856 - 2865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Watanabe, H. Bi, B. Zhang, E. Sakai, T. Mori, R. S. Harwerth, E. L. Smith III, and Y. M. Chino Directional Bias of Neurons in V1 and V2 of Strabismic Monkeys: Temporal-to-Nasal Asymmetry? Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2005; 46(10): 3899 - 3905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Zhang, H. Bi, E. Sakai, I. Maruko, J. Zheng, E. L. Smith III, and Y. M. Chino Rapid plasticity of binocular connections in developing monkey visual cortex (V1) PNAS, June 21, 2005; 102(25): 9026 - 9031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. T. Barrett, A. Bradley, and P. V. McGraw Understanding the Neural Basis of Amblyopia Neuroscientist, April 1, 2004; 10(2): 106 - 117. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. Tychsen, A. M. F. Wong, P. Foeller, and D. Bradley Early Versus Delayed Repair of Infantile Strabismus in Macaque Monkeys: II. Effects on Motion Visually Evoked Responses Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 821 - 827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Zhang, K. Matsuura, T. Mori, J. M. Wensveen, R. S. Harwerth, E. L. Smith III, and Y. Chino Binocular Deficits Associated With Early Alternating Monocular Defocus. II. Neurophysiological Observations J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2003; 90(5): 3012 - 3023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]