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Noninvasive Volumetric Imaging and Morphometry of the Rodent Retina with High-Speed, Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography

¹From the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; the ²New England Eye Center, the ⁵Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, and ⁶Tufts Center for Vision Research, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; the ³Research Division and the ⁴Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and the ⁷UPMC Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

PURPOSE. To demonstrate high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) for noninvasive, in vivo, three-dimensional imaging of the retina in rat and mouse models.

METHODS. A high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution OCT system using spectral, or Fourier domain, detection has been developed for small animal retinal imaging. Imaging is performed with a contact lens and postobjective scanning. An axial image resolution of 2.8 µm is achieved with a spectrally broadband superluminescent diode light source with a bandwidth of 150 nm at 900-nm center wavelength. Imaging can be performed at 24,000 axial scans per second, which is 100 times faster than previous ultrahigh-resolution OCT systems. High-definition and three-dimensional retinal imaging is performed in vivo in mouse and rat models.

RESULTS. High-speed, ultrahigh-resolution OCT enabled high-definition, high transverse pixel density imaging of the murine retina and visualization of all major intraretinal layers. Raster scan protocols enabled three-dimensional volumetric imagingand comprehensive retinal segmentation algorithms allowed measurement of retinal layers. An OCT fundus image, akin to a fundus photograph was generated by axial summation of three-dimensional OCT data, thus enabling precise registration of OCT measurements to retinal fundus features.

CONCLUSIONS. High-speed, ultrahigh-resolution OCT enables imaging of retinal architectural morphology in small animal models. OCT fundus images allow precise registration of OCT images and repeated measurements with respect to retinal fundus features. Three-dimensional OCT imaging enables visualization and quantification of retinal structure, which promises to allow repeated, noninvasive measurements to track disease progression, thereby reducing the need for killing the animal for histology. This capability can accelerate basic research studies in rats and mice and their translation into clinical patient care.