HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a response View responses Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (3) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Saw, S.-M. Articles by Wong, T.-Y. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Saw, S.-M. Articles by Wong, T.-Y.

A Cohort Study of Incident Myopia in Singaporean Children

¹From the Departments of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, and ³Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; the ²Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; the ⁴Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; the ⁵National Cancer Centre, Singapore; the ⁶Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and the ⁷Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

PURPOSE. To determine the risk factors of incident myopia in a school-based cohort study in Singaporean children.

METHODS. A 3-year prospective cohort study was conducted in Singaporean school children aged 7 to 9 years in three schools at entry. Chinese children without myopia at baseline (n = 994) were included in the analysis. The main outcome was incident myopia, defined as spherical equivalent (SE) at least –0.75 D based on cycloplegic autorefraction. Other definitions of incident myopia, at least –0.5 D and at least –1.0 D, were also assessed.

RESULTS. After controlling for school, age, gender, income, reading in books per week and intelligence quotient (IQ) test scores, we found the relative risk (RR) of incident myopia defined as –0.75 D to be 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–2.04) for two versus no myopic parents. The multivariate RR of myopia for IQ in the third versus first tertile was 1.50 (95% CI, 1.19–1.89). However, the RR of incident myopia was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.97–1.05) for every unit increase in books read per week. Similar results were obtained with definitions of –0.5 and –1.0 D for incident myopia.

CONCLUSIONS. These data provide new prospective evidence of essential links between parental myopia, IQ scores and subsequent myopia development. However, reading in books per week was not associated with incident myopia.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. M. Ip, K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, G. Burlutsky, and P. Mitchell Myopia and the Urban Environment: Findings in a Sample of 12-Year-Old Australian School Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2008; 49(9): 3858 - 3863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C Williams, L L Miller, G Gazzard, and S M Saw A comparison of measures of reading and intelligence as risk factors for the development of myopia in a UK cohort of children Br. J. Ophthalmol., August 1, 2008; 92(8): 1117 - 1121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Hasebe, H. Ohtsuki, T. Nonaka, C. Nakatsuka, M. Miyata, I. Hamasaki, and S. Kimura Effect of Progressive Addition Lenses on Myopia Progression in Japanese Children: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Masked, Crossover Trial Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2008; 49(7): 2781 - 2789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, W. Smith, G. Burlutsky, P. Mitchell, and S.-M. Saw Myopia, Lifestyle, and Schooling in Students of Chinese Ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney Arch Ophthalmol, April 1, 2008; 126(4): 527 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

eLetters: