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(Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2006;47:3129-3134.)
© 2006 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
DOI:  10.1167/iovs.05-1601
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Retinal Localization and Copper-Dependent Relocalization of the Wilson and Menkes Disease Proteins

Predrag Krajacic, Ying Qian, Paul Hahn, Tzvete Dentchev, Nina Lukinova, and Joshua L. Dunaief

From the F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

PURPOSE. Menkes and Wilson diseases are associated with retinal degeneration. The Menkes and Wilson genes are homologous copper transporters, but differences in their expression pattern lead to different disease manifestations. To determine whether the Wilson and Menkes genes may act locally in the retina, this study was undertaken to assess retinal Wilson and Menkes expression and localization.

METHODS. RT/PCR was used to test for the presence of Wilson and Menkes mRNAs in mouse and human retinas and retinal pigment epithelial cell lines. The Menkes and Wilson proteins were immunolocalized in human and mouse retinas and in the ARPE-19 cell line.

RESULTS. The Menkes mRNA and protein were present in the RPE and neurosensory retina whereas the Wilson mRNA and protein were limited to the RPE. In the RPE, both proteins localized to the Golgi. Increased copper concentration led to relocalization of the Wilson protein to a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution.

CONCLUSIONS. Both the Menkes and Wilson proteins are present in the RPE. Since the RPE is a blood–brain barrier, these proteins most likely regulate not only their own copper levels but also copper levels of the overlying photoreceptors. Because the Wilson protein delivers copper to the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin in the liver, it is likely that the Wilson and/or Menkes proteins provide copper to ceruloplasmin made in the RPE. Retinopathy in Wilson and Menkes diseases may result not only from abnormal systemic copper levels but also from loss of retinal Wilson or Menkes protein.




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S. Lutsenko, N. L. Barnes, M. Y. Bartee, and O. Y. Dmitriev
Function and Regulation of Human Copper-Transporting ATPases
Physiol Rev, July 1, 2007; 87(3): 1011 - 1046.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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