IOVS Journal of Applied Physiology
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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2285 on August 8, 2008
 (Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2009;50:385-391.)
© 2009 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
DOI:  10.1167/iovs.08-2285
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Vital Dyes and Light Sources for Chromovitrectomy: Comparative Assessment of Osmolarity, pH, and Spectrophotometry

Elaine de Paula Fiod Costa,1 Eduardo B. Rodrigues,1 Michel Eid Farah,1 Eduardo Dib,1 Fernando Penha,1 Octaviano Magalhães, Jr,1 Bruno Albuquerque Furlani,1 Acácio A. S. Lima Filho,1 Antônio de Miranda,2 and Mauricio Maia1

1From the Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Institute (IPEPO), and the 2Biophysics Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

PURPOSE. To investigate the in vitro pH, osmolarity, spectral, and photostability properties of nine vital dyes for vitreoretinal surgery.

METHODS. Nine dyes—indocyanine green (ICG), trypan blue (TB), brilliant blue (BriB), bromophenol blue (BroB), Congo red (CR), light green (LG), fast green (FG), indigo carmine (IC) and Evans blue (EB)—diluted in three solvents (saline solution, glucose 5%, and water) were tested for osmolarity and pH. Spectrophotometry was used to determine absorbance properties of 27 solutions. Irradiance emission spectra of seven endoillumination light sources and fiber-optics were compared with dye absorbance curves.

RESULTS. Dye osmolarity in saline solution and glucose 5% varied widely (257–385 mOsm) and was lower (0–54 mOsm) when dyes were dissolved in water. Dyes diluted in three solvents showed pH values varying from 2.6 to 9.85. ICG, LG, TB, BroB, CR, and IC demonstrated different absorbances, depending on the solvent. BriB and FG showed similar absorbance curves with different solvents. Spectrophometric analysis showed that all dyes except ICG had remarkable spectral overlap with the light sources. Among endoillumination fiber-optics, overlap was greatest with dual-output illumination with an integrated laser pathway and least with a mercury vapor lamp.

CONCLUSIONS. Vital dyes showed variable osmolarity and pH, which also depended on the solvent used. Interaction of light from endoillumination source and vital dye may increase or decrease the risk for toxicity, making appropriate selection of both a desirable way to minimize the risk for phototoxic effects.






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