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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2981 on February 21, 2009
 (Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2009;50:2878-2887.)
© 2009 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2981
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Role of Nectin-1, HVEM, and PILR-{alpha} in HSV-2 Entry into Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Shripaad Y. Shukla,1,2 Yogesh K. Singh,1,2 and Deepak Shukla1,3

1From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and 3Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

PURPOSE. Herpes simplex virus-type 2 (HSV-2) can cause acute retinal necrosis (ARN), which can lead to exudative and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, yet little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of HSV-2 entry into retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The goal of this study was to establish the identity of the critical receptors used by the virus for infection.

METHODS. A reporter HSV-2 virus, which expresses β-galactosidase, was used to quantify entry into RPE cells, and viral replication was ascertained using a plaque assay. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine cellular expression of entry receptors. Localization of these receptors to the apical or basal surface of RPE cells was determined with immunocytochemistry. The necessity of these receptors, individually and in combination, for viral entry was established using receptor-specific antibodies and siRNAs.

RESULTS. RPE cells are highly susceptible to HSV-2 entry and replication. Several assays demonstrated the expression of the entry receptors nectin-1, HVEM, and PILR-{alpha} and their localization primarily to the apical surfaces of RPE cells. Receptor-specific antibodies and siRNA knockdown of receptors significantly reduced viral entry and implicated nectin-1 as an important receptor, with HVEM and PILR-{alpha} potentially also contributing to entry.

CONCLUSIONS. HSV-2 is capable of developing a productive infection in RPE cells by using nectin-1 as an important entry receptor. To lesser degrees, HVEM and PILR-{alpha} may also contribute to HSV-2 entry into RPE cells.






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