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(Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2001;42:1190-1192.)
© 2001 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Complete Abolition of the Retinal-Specific Guanylyl Cyclase (retGC-1) Catalytic Ability Consistently Leads to Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)

Jean-Michel Rozet, Isabelle Perrault, Sylvie Gerber, Sylvain Hanein, Fabienne Barbet, Dominique Ducroq, Eric Souied, Arnold Munnich and Josseline Kaplan

From the Unité de Recherche sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant, Insitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U393, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
PURPOSE. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the earliest and the most severe form of all inherited retinal dystrophies. In 1996, the current investigators ascribed the disease in families linked to the LCA1 locus on chromosome 17p13.1 to mutations in the photoreceptor-specific guanylyl cyclase (retGC-1) gene. So far, 22 different mutations, of which 11 are missense mutations, have been identified in 25 unrelated families. This is a report of the functional analyses of nine of the missense mutations.

METHODS. cDNA constructs were generated that contained the retGC-1 missense mutations identified in patients related to the LCA1 locus. Mutants were expressed in COS7 cells and assayed for their ability to hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).

RESULTS. All mutations lying in the catalytic domain showed a complete abolition of cyclase activity. In contrast, only one mutation lying in the extracellular domain also resulted in a severely reduced catalytic activity, whereas the others showed completely normal activity.

CONCLUSIONS. More than half the mutations identified in patients related to the LCA1 locus are truncating mutations expected to result in a total abolition of retGC-1 activity. Concerning missense mutations, half of them lying in the catalytic domain of the protein also result in the complete inability of the mutant cyclases to hydrolyze GTP into cGMP in vitro. In contrast, missense mutations lying in the extracellular domain, except one affecting the initiation codon, showed normal catalytic activity of retGC-1. Nevertheless, considering that all patients related to the LCA1 locus displayed the same phenotype, it can be assumed that all missense mutations would have the same dramatic consequences on protein activity in vivo as truncation mutations.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA; Mendelian Inheritance in Man [MIM] 204000) is the earliest and most severe form of all inherited retinal dystrophies. Originally described by Leber in 1869, LCA is an autosomal recessive condition distinct from other retinal dystrophies and is responsible for congenital blindness.1 The diagnosis is usually made at birth or during the first months of life in an infant with total blindness or greatly impaired vision, normal fundus, and extinguished electroretinogram (ERG).2 It is generally accepted that LCA accounts for 5% of all retinal dystrophies, but considering the high rate of consanguinity in LCA families, we assume that this condition is not uncommon in countries with a high rate of consanguineous unions.3 4 A certain degree of clinical heterogeneity has long been recognized in LCA, but these clinical differences have largely been ignored.

Conversely, genetic heterogeneity has been accepted for a long time.5 In 1995, we localized the first disease-causing gene, LCA1, to chromosome 17p13 and confirmed the genetic heterogeneity.6 7 In 1996, we ascribed LCA1 to mutations in the photoreceptor-specific guanylyl cyclase gene (retGC-1), which catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the photoreceptor cells.8 Twenty-two different mutations were identified in patients related to the LCA1 locus. Half of them were truncating mutations expected to result in the total abolition of the cyclase activity of retGC-1,9 whereas the other half were missense mutations. We report here the study of 9 of 11 of the missense mutations (M1I, W21R, L41F, N129K, R313C, R976, R995W, M1009L, and H1019P), as well as a mutation truncating the COOH end of the protein (Q1036Z), on the catalytic ability of the mutant proteins.


   Methods
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Patients
A total of 130 unrelated families fulfilling the minimum criteria for diagnosis of LCA10 were ascertained from various genetic and ophthalmologic sources. Among these 130 families originating from various countries across the world, 44 were consanguineous, 41 were multiplex, and 18 were both multiplex and consanguineous.9 All procedures were conducted in compliance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Spectrum of retGC-1 Mutations
Forty-seven retGC-1 mutations (22 different, 18 homozygous) were identified in 25 of 130 unrelated patients with LCA (18.5%).9 Among the 22 different mutations identified, 11 were missense mutations, and 11 were truncating mutations. Interestingly, 15 of the 25 patients were found to carry mutations expected to result in the truncation of the retGC-1 protein9 (11 homozygotes, 3 compound heterozygotes, and 1 single heterozygote).

Expression Studies
The full length retGC-1 cDNA (3621 bp, GenBank accession number, M92432) was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector PRK5 (Clonetech, Palo Alto, CA). PRK5 contains the early promoter and the polyadenylation signal of the simian 40 virus (SV40). Single-base substitutions (M1I, W21R, L41F, N129K, R313C, R976, R995W, M1009L, H1019P, and Q1036Z) were created by site-directed mutagenesis (Quickchange Site Directed Mutagenesis kit; Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), by using oligonucleotides specific for the various mutations (not shown, available on request). Mutant clones were transformed into DH5{alpha} bacteria cells and sequenced before expression studies.

Monkey COS7 cells (American Type Culture Center, Rockville, MD [ATCC]) were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Before transfection, the cells (106/80-cm2 tissue culture flask) were grown for 24 hours in MEM with 10% fetal calf serum. For transfection, cells were incubated in MEM chloroquine with either normal or mutant PRK5 retGC-1 (9 µg). After 3 hours, the cells were treated with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in Hanks’ balanced salt solution (2 ml) for 2 minutes. The DMSO medium was discarded, and the cells were washed twice with MEM and incubated in fresh medium for 48 hours to allow expression of the transfected constructs. The luciferase cDNA was cloned into a PSG5 vector and systematically cotransfected (1 µg) as a test of transfection efficiency. After 48 hours of culture, the cells were washed twice in 5 ml ice-cold 0.02 M HEPES (pH 7.4) and 0.15 M NaCl; harvested in a centrifuge tube in a total of 1.5 ml of 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM dithiothreitol; and broken by passage 10 times through a 22-gauge needle. The homogenate was spun for 15 minutes at 5000g. Supernatant protein concentration was adjusted to 4 mg/ml, and luciferase activity was measured according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Luciferase Assay System; Promega, Madison, WI). The pellet was washed in 1.5 ml of the same buffer. Membranes were solubilized for 30 minutes on ice in 250 µl of 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, and 1 mM dithiothreitol. After centrifugation for 5 minutes at 5000g, supernatant fluid protein was adjusted to 4 mg/ml. Two hundred micrograms of membrane protein was assayed to determine guanylyl cyclase activities in a total reaction volume of 150 µl containing 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 0.1 mM GTP, 4 mM MnCl2, 0.2 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxantine (IBMX), and 1 µCi [{alpha}-32P]GTP. Incubations were for 20 minutes at 37°C and were terminated by the addition of 750 µl of 120 mM zinc acetate and 600 µl 144 mM sodium carbonate. The produced [{alpha}-32P]cGMP was purified by neutral alumina chromatography and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting, as described.11


   Results
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Expression Analysis of Mutant Alleles
Figure 1 shows the retGC-1 activity in COS7 cell homogenates after transient expression of wild-type and mutant cDNA constructs. Each experimental value is the mean (±SD) of four independent triplicate experiments and is expressed as percentages of wild-type retGC-1 activity. Experimental values were corrected for differences in transfection efficiencies by normalizing for luciferase activity and were subtracted with background from nonrecombined PRK5-transfected cells.



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  		Figure 1. In vitro expression study of 11 mutant retGC-1 cDNAs. Results are means ± SD of three distinct determinations.

 
All mutations lying in the catalytic domain (R976L, R995W, M1009L, H1019P, and Q1036Z) result in the total abolition of the ability of the mutant cyclases to hydrolyze GTP into cGMP. Conversely, except the M1I mutation, which affects the initiation codon and results in severely reduced catalytic activity (13% compared with the wild-type), all mutations lying in the extracellular domain (W21R, L41F, N129K, and R313C) showed a normal cyclase activity compared with the wild-type.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
LCA is the earliest and most severe form of all inherited retinal dystrophies.1 The genetic heterogeneity of LCA has been accepted for a long time. Conversely, the subtle clinical heterogeneity of the disease was largely ignored until it was shown that retGC-1 mutations account for congenital and stationary cone–rod dystrophy that results in neonatal blindness, which represents the most severe form of all LCA clinical subtypes.12

Among the 130 unrelated LCA patients of our series, 25 were found to harbor mutations in the retGC-1 gene. For 16 (67%) of them, the predicted residual cyclase activity resulting from the combination of the activities of the mutant proteins encoded by each retGC-1 allele was dramatically reduced;T1> (Table 1) . Indeed, 11 of 16 were found to be homozygous for a truncating mutation (patients 34, 23, 3, 90, 91, 121, 110, 85, 20, 33, and 70; Table 1 ), 3 of 16 harbored a homozygous missense mutation resulting in a dramatic reduction of the cyclase activity (patients 11, 31, and 56; Table 1 ), and 2 of 16 were compound heterozygotes for a truncating mutation and a missense mutation leading to the same dramatic reduction in catalytic activity (patients 51, and 88; Table 1 ). In addition, among the nine remaining patients, three were found to carry one mutation resulting in the complete abolition of the enzyme activity (patients 72, 82, and 52; Table 1 ). One of these three patients was a single heterozygote for a mutation truncating the carboxyl terminus of the protein. The other two were found to carry one mutation residing in the extracellular (EC) domain of the protein. Finally, six of nine patients were found to carry mutations in this domain only (two single heterozygotes, patients 89 and 117; four homozygotes, patients, 60, 7, 17, and 36; Table 1 ).


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  		Table 1. RetGC-1 Mutations Identified in Patients Related to the LCA1 Locus and Deduced or Measured Residual Catalytic Activities of the Mutant Cyclases Encoded by Each Allele

 
It is worth noting that four of the six different EC mutations that we studied resulted in normal cyclase activity compared with the wild-type. However, all patients related to LCA1 displayed the same phenotype, whatever the nature of the mutations they carried. Consequently, we can speculate that these last mutations should have deleterious consequences on protein activity in vivo. One explanation could have been that these mutations might result in the inability of the mutant protein to be activated by the guanylate cyclase–activating proteins (GCAPs).13 14 15 However, this hypothesis is unlikely, because it has been demonstrated that the EC domain of retGC-1 is not a critical region for the activation by GCAPs.16 17 Therefore, the most likely explanation is that extracellular mutations might result in misfolding of the mutant retGC-1 protein during biosynthesis and subsequent degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Indeed, it has already been shown that potentially functional mutant proteins can be retained in the ER because of minor structural defects.18 For instance, some patients with {alpha}1-antitrypsin deficiency produce mutant molecules that, although functionally intact, are retained in the ER and degraded.19 In fact, in a large number of diseases, expressions of mutant proteins are targeted to the ER and fail to reach their intended cellular location, often displaying an ER storage phenotype with aggregated material accumulating in the ER.20 This situation has been well documented in cystic fibrosis, in which the most common mutation in the CFTR gene, {Delta}F508, leads to the disease, whereas the same mutation introduced into a recombinant CFTR channel does not abolish the biologic activity.21

Nevertheless, this hypothesis of a misfolding of the mutant cyclase encoded by a retGC-1 gene carrying mutations in the EC domain could not be studied in our experimental conditions. Immunochemistry experiments indicate that most of the overexpressed wild-type retGC-1 protein resides in the ER (data not shown, available on request). This observation has already been described for other membrane proteins, such as the retinal specific adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABCR).22


   Acknowledgements
 
The authors thank Kris Palcewski, who kindly gave us retGC-1 antibodies, and Suzie Lefevre and Philippe Burlet for help in immunochemistry experiments.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by the Association Retina France.

Submitted for publication June 14, 2000; revised November 29, 2000; accepted January 24, 2001.

Commercial relationships policy: N.

Corresponding author: Josseline Kaplan, Unité de Recherche sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant, INSERM U393, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France. kaplan{at}necker.fr


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Leber, T. (1869) Uber retinitis pigmentosa and angeborene amaurose Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 15,1-25
  2. Franceschetti, A, Dieterle, P. (1954) L’importance diagnostique de l’électrorétinogramme dans les dégénérescences tapéto-rétiniennes avec rétrécissement du champ visuel et héméralopie Conf Neurol 14,184-186[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  3. Foxman, SG, Heckenlively, JR, Batemen, BJ, Wirstschaffer, JD (1985) Classification of congenital and early-onset retinitis pigmentosa Arch Ophthalmol 103,1502-1506[Abstract]
  4. Kaplan, J, Bonneau, D, Frézal, J, Munnich, A, Dufier, JL (1990) Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in retinitis pigmentosa Hum Genet 85,635-642[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  5. Waardenburg, PJ, Schappert–Kimmijser, J. (1963) On various recessive biotypes of Leber congenital amaurosis Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 41,317-320[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Camuzat, A, Dollfus, H, Rozet, JM, et al (1995) A gene for Leber congenital amaurosis maps to chromosome 17p Hum Mol Genet 8,1447-1452
  7. Camuzat, A, Rozet, JM, Dollfus, H, et al (1996) Evidence of genetic heterogeneity of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and mapping of LCA1 to chromosome 17p13 Hum Genet 97,798-801[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  8. Perrault, I, Rozet, JM, Calvas, P, et al (1996) Retinal-specific guanylate cyclase gene mutations in Leber congenital amaurosis Nat Genet 14,461-464[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Perrault, I, Rozet, JM, Gerber, S, et al (2000) Spectrum of retGC-1 mutations in Leber’s congenital amaurosis Eur J Hum Genet 8,578-582[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  10. Perrault, I, Rozet, JM, Gerber, S, et al (1999) Leber congenital amaurosis Mol Genet Metab. 68,200-208[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  11. Domino, SE, Tubb, DJ, Garbers, DL (1991) Assay of guanylyl cyclase catalytic activity Methods Enzymol 192,345-354
  12. Perrault, I, Rozet, JM, Ghazi, I, et al (1999) Different functional outcome of retGC-1 and RPE65 gene mutations in Leber congenital amaurosis Am J Hum Genet 64,1225-1228[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Subbaraya, I, Ruiz, CC, Helekar, BS, et al (1994) Molecular characterization of human and mouse photoreceptor guanylate cyclase-activating protein (GCAP) and chromosomal localization of the human gene J Biol Chem 269,31080-31089[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Surguchov, A, Bronson, JD, Banerjee, P, et al (1997) The human GCAP1 and GCAP2 genes are arranged in a tail-to-tail array on the short arm of chromosome 6p21.1 Genomics 39,312-322[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Haeseleer, F, Sokal, I, Li, N, et al (1999) Molecular characterization of a third member of the guanylyl cyclase-activating protein subfamily J Biol Chem 274,6526-6535[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Duda, T, Krishnan, A, Venkataraman, V, Lange, C, Koch, KW, Sharma, RK (1999) Mutations in the rod outer segment membrane guanylate cyclase in a cone-rod dystrophy cause defects in calcium signaling Biochemistry 38,13912-13919[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  17. Lange, C, Duda, T, Beyermann, M, Sharma, RK, Koch, KW (1999) Regions in vertebrate photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase ROS-GC1 involved in Ca(2+)-dependent regulation by guanylyl cyclase-activating protein GCAP-1 FEBS Lett 460,27-31[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Ellgaard, L, Molinari, M, Helenius, A. (1999) Setting the standards: quality control in the secretory pathway (review) Science 286,1882-1888[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Perlmutter, DH (1996) Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: biochemistry and clinical manifestations (review) Ann Med 28,385-394[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Aridor, M, Balch, WE (1999) Integration of endoplasmic reticulum signaling in health and disease (review) Nat Med 5,745-751[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  21. Kopito, RR (1999) Biosynthesis and degradation of CFTR (review) Physiol Rev 79,S167-S173
  22. Sun, H, Smallwood, PM, Nathans, J. (2000) Biochemical defects in ABCR protein variants associated with human retinopathies Nat Genet 26,242-246[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]



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