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(Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2002;43:780-783.)
© 2002 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Effect of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase–Activating Peptide on Isolated Rabbit Iris Sphincter and Dilator Muscles

Takeshi Yoshitomi1, Kazutsuna Yamaji1, Hitoshi Ishikawa2 and Yoshitaka Ohnishi1

1 From the Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan; and the 2 Department of Ophthalmology Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
PURPOSE. Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating peptide (PACAP) is a sensory neuropeptide in the eye that is released by noxious stimuli and considered to be a mediator of the neurogenic ocular injury response, including miosis. The purpose of this study was to clarify the functional role of PACAP in iris sphincter and dilator muscles.

METHODS. Iris sphincter and dilator muscles were isolated from rabbit eyes, and the effect of PACAP on mechanical responses of these muscles using isometric tension-recording methods was investigated.

RESULTS. The iris sphincter responded to electric field stimulation with contractions composed of fast twitch and subsequent slow components. Both PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 enhanced the twitch response, but neither had an effect on the slow response. The effect of both PACAPs on the twitch response was dose dependent. Neither PACAP had an effect on the amplitude of contraction evoked by exogenously applied Ach. For the iris dilator muscle, PACAP 27 inhibited the contractions induced by field stimulation or phenylephrine, whereas PACAP 38 had no effect.

CONCLUSIONS. Both PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 enhance cholinergic transmission in sphincter muscle. The PACAP 27 induces relaxation of the dilator muscle by a direct effect on the muscle itself. The PACAP released during an ocular inflammatory response may induce miosis by the enhancement of cholinergic stimulation of the iris sphincter and by direct relaxation of the dilator muscles.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating peptide (PACAP) is a novel neuropeptide with two molecular forms: one with 27 amino acid residues (PACAP 27) and one with 38 residues (PACAP 38).1 Each has significant structural homology with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).2 There are two types of receptors for PACAP. One has a higher affinity for PACAP than for VIP; the other has a similar affinity for PACAP and VIP. The anterior uvea of the rabbit has mainly the latter type of PACAP receptors.3

PACAP immunoreactive nerve fibers have been identified in the central nervous system4 5 as well as peripheral tissues including lung,6 pancreas,7 and gastrointestinal tract,8 suggesting that PACAP acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. PACAP immunoreactive nerve fibers are also present in ocular tissues, including iris-ciliary body, choroid, cornea, and sclera.9 10 Wang et al.10 reported that the distribution pattern of PACAP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the eye is similar to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity, a known component of sensory C-fiber neurons. Tajti et al.11 demonstrated the presence of CGRP, substance P (SP), and PACAP immunoreactivity in the human trigeminal ganglion. These results indicate that PACAP is a sensory neuropeptide in the eye.

Trigeminal nerve stimulation induces inflammatory responses in the rabbit eye.12 These include vasodilation, breakdown of the blood–aqueous barrier, and miosis. Sensory nerve fibers are likely to play important roles in these responses, because SP and CGRP are released from such nerve terminals and evoke these responses.13 14 PACAP is also a mediator of the neurogenic ocular injury response. Intravitreal administered PACAP causes breakdown of the blood–aqueous barrier, conjunctival hyperemia, and decreased pupil diameter of the rabbit eye.10 Capsaicin, which causes release of SP from trigeminal sensory nerves in rabbits,15 also releases CGRP and PACAP in the rabbit uvea in vitro.16 Thus, it is likely that SP, CGRP, and PACAP coexist in sensory nerve fibers and are released by noxious stimuli.

In an attempt to clarify the functional role of PACAP on the iris smooth muscles, we isolated iris sphincter and dilator muscles from rabbit eyes and investigated the mechanical properties of these muscles, using isometric tension recording methods.


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
General
All animals were treated in accordance with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Male albino rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg were killed with an overdose of intravenous pentobarbital sodium (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL). The eyes were immediately enucleated and placed in Krebs solution composed of (in millimolar): NaCl, 94.8; KCl, 4.7; MgSO4, 1.2; CaCl2, 2.5; KH2PO4, 1.2; NaHCO3, 25.0; and glucose, 11.7 and gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Under microscopic observation, ring-shaped iris sphincter muscle specimens (1 mm wide) and dilator muscle specimens (1 mm wide, 3–4 mm long) were prepared according to a method previously reported.17 18

Isometric Tension Recording Experiments
The ends of each specimen were tied with silk thread and mounted vertically in a 1.5-mL organ bath. One end was connected to an isometric tension transducer (EF-601G; Nihon Koden Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and the other end was secured to a hook at the bottom of the organ bath. The initial loads were 100 and 50 mg for sphincter and dilator, respectively. The organ bath was perfused continuously (0.17 mL/sec) with oxygenated Krebs solution warmed to 37°C, as we described previously.19 Experiments were started after a 60-minute equilibration period. The responsiveness of each preparation was tested initially by application of 1 mM Ach for sphincter or 10 µM phenylephrine for dilator at least three times, to confirm that the same amplitude of contraction was observed each time. Specimens that did not show the same amplitude of contractions in response to agonists were excluded from the study. After 1 to 2 hours of washout period, test drugs were added to the perfusing solution. Transmural electrical field stimulations were applied through a pair of platinum electrodes separated by 11 mm and placed in the organ bath, so that the current pulse would pass transversely across the tissue. Pulse stimuli of 10 V at 20 Hz were applied for 2.0 ms.

Data Analysis
All data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was used for statistical evaluation of the differences between means. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Drugs and Chemicals
The following drugs and chemicals were used in this study: PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 (Peptide Institute, Inc., Osaka, Japan) and Ach, tetrodotoxin (TTX), and phenylephrine (all from Wako Chemical Inc., Osaka, Japan). Peptides were prepared in aliquots and stored at -30°C.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
The iris sphincter and dilator muscles, mounted in an organ bath, gradually relaxed to a steady tension during 60 minutes of equilibration. Muscle tone subsequently remained constant for several hours. The electrical field stimulus (70 pulses) evoked a biphasic contraction of the iris sphincter muscle characterized by an initial twitch followed by long-lasting slow contraction. For the dilator muscle, the same electrical field stimuli evoked only twitch contractions. These responses were abolished by pretreatment with TTX (0.1 µM), suggesting that the responses were neurogenic in origin (data not shown).

Effect of PACAPs on the Mechanical Properties of Iris Sphincter Muscle
PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 (10 nM) enhanced the amplitude of twitch component of the sphincter contraction evoked by field stimulation but had no effect on the slow component (Fig. 1) . This effect of PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 on the fast component of contraction evoked by field stimulation was investigated further. To inhibit the prolonged, slow component of contraction, field stimulation composed of 5 pulses was applied every 1.5 minutes. Both PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 enhanced in a dose-dependent manner the amplitude of the twitch contraction evoked by field stimulation (Figs. 2 3) . At 10 nM for each peptide, there was a transient inhibition of the contraction immediately after application (Fig. 2) . The maximum enhancement of contraction evoked by field stimulation for 10 nM PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 was 41.1% ± 17.1% and 25.8% ± 11.9% (n = 6), respectively.



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  		Figure 1. Iris sphincter muscle recordings of contractile responses evoked by 70 pulses of electrical field stimuli. Twitch and slow responses (A) before and (B) after 10 nM PACAP 27. Twitch and slow responses (C) before and (D) after 10 nM PACAP 38.

 


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  		Figure 2. Iris sphincter muscle recordings of contractile responses evoked by five pulses of electrical field stimuli applied every 1.5 minutes. Effect of various concentrations of (A) PACAP 27 and (B) PACAP 38 on the mechanical responses during field stimulation. All four traces were obtained from the same specimens

 


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  		Figure 3. Dose–response relationship between PACAP concentration and the amplitude of contractions evoked in sphincter muscle by field stimulation (five pulses). The mean of the last five contractions before application of PACAPs was defined as the relative amplitude of 100%. The amplitude of contraction after the application of PACAPs was defined as mean of the five contractions, beginning 15 minutes after application. *P < 0.05 and {dagger}P < 0.01

 
The effect of PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 on the amplitude of sphincter contraction evoked by field stimulation and 0.1 mM Ach were compared. Because the median effective concentration (EC50) for contractile response to Ach in this tissue is approximately 0.3 mM,20 a concentration of 0.1 mM Ach was chosen for this experiment. Both PACAPs enhanced the twitch contraction evoked by field stimulation but had no effect on the Ach-induced contraction (Fig. 4 , Table 1 ). These results indicate that the PACAP-dependent increase of the cholinergic responses were due to enhancement of prejunctional cholinergic transmission, not enhancement of postjunctional Ach sensitivity.



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  		Figure 4. The effect of (A) PACAP 27 and (B) PACAP 38 on the contraction evoked by 0.1 mM Ach and field stimulation (arrow, 70 pulses) in the sphincter muscle.

 

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  		Table 1. Amplitude of Contraction Evoked by 0.1 mM Ach in Sphincter Muscle

 
Effect of PACAPs on the Mechanical Properties of Iris Dilator Muscle
The effects of PACAP on the contraction evoked by field stimulation of dilator muscle were also determined. Neither PACAP had an effect on the basal tone of the dilator muscle. PACAP 27 reduced in a dose-dependent manner the amplitude of twitch contraction evoked by field stimulation (Figs. 5A 5C ). The maximum reduction in amplitude, achieved with 10 nM PACAP 27, was 42.0% ± 9.7%. PACAP 38 did not significantly change the amplitude of contraction at any concentration tested (Figs. 5B 5C) .



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  		Figure 5. Iris dilator muscle recordings of contractile responses evoked by field stimulation with 50 pulses every 1.5 minutes Arrows: application of 10 nM (A) PACAP 27 and (B) PACAP 38. (C) Dose–response relationships between PACAP concentration and the amplitude of contractions evoked in dilator muscle by field stimulation (50 pulses). The mean of the last five contractions before application of PACAPs was defined as relative amplitude of 100%. The amplitude of contraction after the application of PACAPs was defined as the mean of the five contractions beginning 5 minutes after application. *P < 0.01.

 
PACAP 27 also induced a dose-dependent relaxation of the dilator muscle that was precontracted by 10 µM phenylephrine (Fig. 6A , Table 2 ). However, PACAP 38 did not have such an effect (Fig. 6B , Table 2 ). The results indicate that PACAP 27 but not PACAP 38 directly induced relaxation of the dilator muscle.



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  		Figure 6. Concentration-dependent effect of (A) PACAP 27 and (B) PACAP 38 on the mechanical properties of iris dilator muscle precontracted with 10 µM phenylephrine.

 

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  		Table 2. Amplitude of Contraction Evoked by 10 µM Phenylephrine in Dilator Muscle

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
The twitch and slow contractions evoked by field stimulation in rabbit iris sphincter muscles result from the activation of cholinergic and SP-ergic nerve fibers, respectively.21 The present investigation showed that both PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 enhanced twitch contraction, but had no effect on slow contraction evoked by field stimulation. Because PACAP had no effect on the contraction evoked by exogenously applied Ach in this tissue, we conclude that PACAPs enhances cholinergic transmission in sphincter muscle. Because SP-ergic slow contraction was not affected by PACAP (up to the concentration of 10 nM), the prejunctional action of PACAP seems to affect only cholinergic nerves, not SP-ergic nerves. Prejunctional action of PACAP is also reported in the guinea pig tenia coli.22 However, our data are not consistent with previous data showing that 1 µM PACAP 27 and PACAP 38 had no effect on electrically evoked contractions in rabbit iris sphincter.10 Although the cause of this discrepancy is not clear, a likely possibility is that the electrical stimulation settings may affect the results. Preliminary experiments showed that the PACAP-dependent enhancement of twitch contraction evoked by field stimulation was more apparent with the 5-pulse stimulus than with the 70-pulse. Because the amplitude of contraction by the 70-pulse stimulus was nearly maximum, there may be little room for greater contractions. We have shown the enhancement of the contraction evoked by field stimulation from concentrations as low as 1 nM PACAP 27, which is in the range of physiological relevance. However, the physiological relevance of transient inhibition of contraction immediately after application of both peptides in the concentration of 10 nM is not clear.

To our knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of PACAPs on iris dilator muscle. In contrast to the effect on iris sphincter, PACAP 27 inhibited the dilator muscle contractions evoked by both field stimulation and exogenously applied phenylephrine. The indicates that PACAP had mainly a direct relaxant effect on the dilator muscle and had little effect on adrenergic transmission. PACAP causes smooth muscle relaxation through the nitric oxide pathway in opossum internal anal sphincter23 24 or by increasing the cAMP level in tenia of the guinea pig cecum.25 VIP, which has significant structural homology with PACAP, also relaxes dilator muscle.26

Thus, PACAPs could induce miosis through two different mechanisms. One is the enhancement of cholinergic transmission in sphincter muscle, and the other is the direct relaxant effect on the dilator muscle. Intravitreal injection of PACAP induces miosis in rabbit, which supports our findings.10

Trigeminal nerve stimulation induces inflammatory responses including miosis in the rabbit eye.12 SP, CGRP, and PACAP all exist in trigeminal nerve fibers and are involved in these responses.13 14 15 16 SP induces miosis through direct contractile effect on the sphincter muscle without effect on the dilator.19 In addition, we have reported that CGRP also induces miosis through direct relaxation in the dilator muscle without effect on the sphincter.18 We conclude in the present study that PACAPs induce miosis through enhancement of cholinergic transmission in sphincter muscle and by relaxation of dilator muscle. Therefore, the miosis that occurs during an ocular inflammatory response may result, at least in part, from neuropeptides released from the trigeminal nerve. These neuropeptides, SP, CGRP, and PACAP, all induce miosis at different sites of action.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by Japan Society for the promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 12671718 and 12671719.

Submitted for publication August 6, 2001; revised November 2, 2001; accepted November 13, 2001.

Commercial relationships policy: N.

The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Corresponding author: Takeshi Yoshitomi, Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan; yoshitom{at}wakayama-med.ac.jp


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Arimura, A, Somogyvari-Vigh, A, Miyata, A, Mizuno, K, Coy, DH, Kitada, C. (1991) Tissue distribution of PACAP as determined by RIA: highly abundant in the rat brain and testes Endocrinology 129,2787-2789[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Miyata, A, Arimura, A, Dahl, RR, et al (1989) Isolation of a novel 38 residue-hypothalamic polypeptide which stimulates adenylate cyclase in pituitary cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 164,567-574[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
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  9. Elsas, T, Uddman, R, Sundler, F. (1996) Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the cat eye Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234,573-580[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
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  22. Jin, JG, Katsoulis, S, Schmidt, WE, Grider, JR (1994) Inhibitory transmission in tenia coli mediated by distinct vasoactive intestinal peptide and apamin-sensitive pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide receptors J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270,433-439[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Rattan, S, Chakder, S. (1997) Excitatory and inhibitory actions of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in the internal anal sphincter smooth muscle: sites of actions J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283,722-728[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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