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(Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2003;44:2457-2460.)
© 2003 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
doi:10.1167/iovs.02-1184
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Information Sources and Their Use by Parents of Children with Ophthalmic Disorders

Jugnoo S. Rahi,1,2,3 Irene Manaras,1 and Katharine Barr4

1From the Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology, the 2Department of Ophthalmology, and the 4Visual Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and the 3Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.


   Abstract
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 Abstract
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix 1
 References
 
PURPOSE. Parents’ input is critical to clinical management in pediatric ophthalmology. The importance of providing parents with appropriate information to enable them to participate effectively is recognized. However, little is known about the range of sources parents use to learn about their child’s ophthalmic condition, which sources they find most useful, and how this relates to their understanding.

METHODS. Cross-sectional survey of the parents or usual caregivers of children with diverse ophthalmic disorders, diagnosed at least 1 year earlier, who attended pediatric ophthalmology clinics at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, during 1 week in August 2001.

RESULTS. Eighty-nine percent (n = 58) of parents with eligible children participated. Most parents received information from more than one source, with ophthalmologists (79%) and family practitioners (42%) being the two most frequently reported. Family support groups and voluntary organizations (29%) and the Internet (23%) were less commonly cited than anticipated. Parents reported receiving verbal information much more frequently than written information from professionals working with their children. Although 72% (n = 42) of parents could correctly name their child’s diagnosis, only 46% (n = 27) were able to describe correctly the nature and impact of the disorder(s). Ophthalmologists were ranked as the most important source overall.

CONCLUSIONS. The findings emphasize the key role of ophthalmic professionals in improving parental education directly, as well their responsibilities and opportunities to do so through supporting and shaping information provision through other sources, especially colleagues in primary care and the Internet.

Parents’ input is critical to clinical management in pediatric ophthalmology, as in other areas of medicine involving children. The importance of providing parents with appropriate information to enable them to participate effectively is recognized. However, little is known about the range of sources parents use to learn about their child’s eye condition, which sources they find most useful, and how this relates to their understanding. We investigated these questions in a cross-sectional survey of parents of children with diverse ophthalmic disorders managed at a tertiary-level pediatric ophthalmology unit.


   Methods
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 Abstract
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Appendix 1
 References
 
All parents or usual caregivers of children who had been diagnosed with an ophthalmic disorder at least 1 year earlier and were attending an ophthalmology outpatient clinic at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, during 1 week in August 2001, were surveyed. Before each clinic, all the case notes were reviewed, and, for those eligible, available clinical and sociodemographic data necessary for evaluation of parental understanding and for examination of nonresponse bias were recorded. These data were subsequently linked to information from parental questionnaires by a unique study identification number assigned to each child.

On arrival in the clinic, parents of eligible children were given a questionnaire (see Appendix) to complete anonymously, with a letter explaining the purpose of the survey and requesting their participation. Questionnaire completion was taken as consent to participate. A sealed posting box was provided in the waiting area for return of the questionnaires.

The questionnaire comprised open-ended and close-ended questions about sociodemographic status (parents’ occupation and postal-code for deprivation index), their child’s age and any nonophthalmic impairments and disorders, family history of ophthalmic disease, and family structure. Respondents were asked, "What is the name of your child’s eye problem or condition?" and also, "How does this condition affect your child’s sight?" They were asked specifically whether they had received any information (written or spoken) about their child’s condition from the following sources: a range of health, education, social services and welfare professionals who may have worked with their child; family support groups; voluntary organizations; media (newspapers, television, radio); the Internet; or family and friends. Respondents were asked to specify which two sources they had found most useful. Using the same list of possible sources, clinical staff in the ophthalmology department (comprising ophthalmologists, orthoptists, optometrists, clinical vision scientists, and the ophthalmology community link team, who provide support and information to parents) were asked independently to list the two sources that they thought parents found most helpful.

Descriptive analysis was undertaken of sources of information used and those found most useful. Parental knowledge and understanding were assessed by comparing their responses with clinical data recorded in the notes. Sociodemographic factors influencing the use of sources and the extent of understanding and knowledge were examined. The study was approved by the Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Local Research Ethics Committee and conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.


   Results
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 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Appendix 1
 References
 
During the week of the survey, 65 of 86 eligible children attended their scheduled appointments. The parents of 89% (58/65) of these completed the questionnaires, although incompletely in some cases. Thus, denominators are reported separately for each item. The nonresponding parents and their children (n = 7) were similar in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics to those who participated.

The responding parents of 22% (n = 13) of the children were in professional occupations, 21% (n = 12) in intermediate occupations (for example, clerical workers), and 14% (n = 8) in working occupations (for example, manual laborers), using the UK Standard Occupational Classification,1 with 34% (n = 20) being full-time housewives and 9% (n = 5) unemployed. Most (71%; n = 41) were white, 12% (n = 7) were Asian, and 2% (n = 1) black; ethnicity was unspecified in 15% (n = 9).2 In 27% (n = 14) there was a family history of pediatric eye disease and in 47% (n = 25) the children had additional systemic disorders or other impairments. The mean Townsend deprivation index score3 was 0.398, with 62% (n = 28) being in the more socioeconomically deprived half of the total distribution. Thus, participating parents were similar to the overall UK population with respect to ethnic group2 and occupation1 but socioeconomically deprived groups were somewhat overrepresented.

The mean age of the children in the study was 8 years (range, 1.5–18 years). They had a range of ophthalmic disorders, as shown in Table 1 .


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  		TABLE 1. Ophthalmic Disorders Affecting the Children

 
Figure 1 shows the range of professionals working formally with children with ophthalmic disorders from whom parents had obtained verbal or, less commonly, written information. Although ophthalmologists were by far the most frequently cited source (79% verbal, 27% written), 15% (n = 9) of respondents did not report receiving either verbal or written information from them. Family doctors were the second most common professional source. Informal sources were much less frequency cited (Fig. 2) , with information received from family support groups and/or voluntary organizations and through the Internet, reported by 29% and 23%, respectively.



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  		FIGURE 1. Formal sources of information reported by parents.

 


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  		FIGURE 2. Informal information sources reported by parents.

 
Of the responding parents, 60% (n = 35) cited the two sources they found most useful. Ophthalmologists were cited most frequently by both parents (52%; n = 18) and clinical staff in the ophthalmology department (67%; n = 6) to be the most important source, followed by other professionals, family support groups and voluntary organizations, and the media. There was less agreement about the second most important source (Table 2) .


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  		TABLE 2. Sources Ranked as Most Important by Parents and Ophthalmic Professionals

 
Most respondents could correctly name their child’s eye condition (88%; n = 49) with 12% (n = 7) being unable to name it at all. However, only 46% (n = 27) gave completely correct and 31% (n = 18) partially correct explanations or descriptions of the disorder, the rest giving incorrect (2%; n = 1) explanations or not providing one. (21%; n = 12) We found no association between parental understanding (ability to describe disorders correctly) and professional occupation (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4, 0.72–8.58), reduced socioeconomic deprivation (3.71, 0.87–16.68), or ophthalmologist as the most important source (0.90, 0.19–4.19). However, the size of the study may have limited the power to detect such differences, as it did the ability to examine use of different sources according to socioeconomic characteristics. The diversity of disorders affecting children in the study was too great to allow meaningful analysis of the relationship between the nature or severity of the disorder and parental understanding. Because nonattending parents were not contacted, we were unable to examine the question of whether regular attendance was related to either parental understanding or the sources of information used.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Appendix 1
 References
 
Pediatric ophthalmology encompasses the long-term medical and surgical management of disorders and requires specialized and complex explanation to parents. The parents participating in this study were experienced users of health services and information, having attended a specialized ophthalmic unit for more than 1 year after their children’s initial diagnoses and, in the main, having children with complex and/or multiple disorders. As would be expected, they had received some information from a diverse range of sources. The findings are likely to have been different had parents been surveyed at an earlier time point—for example, soon after diagnosis, or if parents of children with less complex disorders attending a less specialized unit been included. It is possible that the pattern of sources used may have differed for parents who did not participate (nonresponders and nonattenders), although they did not differ significantly according to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

The findings emphasize the value of appropriate information provided directly by ophthalmologists and that ophthalmic professionals recognize this responsibility. They also identify that ophthalmic professionals have an opportunity to support and shape information provision through other sources—in particular, colleagues in primary care and education, to whom parents are likely to turn. The low reported frequency of written information provided by all professionals working with children with eye disorders is of concern, given its influence on parental knowledge and concordance with treatment.5 It may be that some of the discrepancy between parents’ ability to name, as opposed to their ability to describe, their children’s conditions reflects the lack of written information.

Information was less frequently obtained from family support groups and voluntary organizations and through the Internet than had been anticipated from surveys in other clinical specialties.6 7 This may partly reflect the relative rarity of visually impairing disorders in childhood and thus of relevant disorder-specific groups and Internet resources. It is also likely to reflect some lack of awareness of existing sources and inadequate coordination between them: ophthalmic professionals can influence both. The findings of this survey show that professionals working with children with ophthalmic disorders currently have an opportunity to influence the quality of information available through the Internet, reliance on which can be expected to increase with time. This may help to avoid the concerns about accuracy and consistency that prevail in other areas of child health.8 9 Implementation of existing guidance10 by statutory and voluntary sector organizations working in the area may be helpful in achieving this.


   Appendix 1
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix 1
References
 
Study Questionnaire for Parents/Caregivers


   Acknowledgements
 
The authors thank all the families who participated in the study and colleagues in the Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, for taking part; Kariofillis Zervoulis and Khadija Rantell for help with data collection, and David Taylor for helpful comments on an early draft of the manuscript.


   Footnotes
 
Submitted for publication November 20, 2002; revised December 17, 2002; accepted January 3, 2003.

Disclosure: J.S. Rahi, None; I. Manaras, None; K. Barr, None

The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Corresponding author: Jugnoo S. Rahi, Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; j.rahi{at}ich.ucl.ac.uk.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix 1
 References
 

  1. . Office for National Statistics (2000) Standard Occupational Classification HMSO London.
  2. . Office for National Statistics (2002) Living in Britain: Results of the 2002/01 General Household Survey HMSO London. Publication LIB317
  3. Townsend, P. (1988) Health and Deprivation: Inequalities and the North Croom Helm London.
  4. Gilbert, C, Foster, A, Negrel, A-D, Thylefors, B. (1993) Childhood blindness: a new form for recording causes of visual loss in children Bull World Health Organ 71,485-489[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  5. Newsham, D. (2002) A randomised controlled trial of written information: the effect on parental non-concordance with occlusion therapy Br J Ophthalmol 86,787-791[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Noll, S, Spitz, L, Pierro, A. (2001) Additional medical information: prevalence, source and benefit to parents J Pediatr Surg 36,791-794[CrossRef][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Ikemba, CM, Kozinetz, CA, Feltes, TF., et al (2002) Internet use in families with children requiring cardiac surgery for congenital heard disease Pediatrics 109,419-422[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Impicciatore, P, Pandolfini, C, Casella, N, Bonati, M. (1997) Reliability of health information for the public on the world wide web: systematic survey of advice on managing fever in children at home BMJ 314,1875-1881[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. McClung, HJ, Murray, RD, Heitlinger, LA. (1998) The internet as a source for current patient information Pediatrics 101,e2-e5[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Eysenbach, G, Diepgen, TL, Gray, JAM., et al (1998) Towards quality management of medical information on the internet: evaluation, labelling and filtering of information BMJ 317,1496-1502[Free Full Text]



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This Article
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