IOVS The Oncologist
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

(Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2004;45:4563-4569.)
© 2004 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
DOI:  10.1167/iovs.04-0598
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (8)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Zacks, D. N.
Right arrow Articles by Miller, J. W.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Zacks, D. N.
Right arrow Articles by Miller, J. W.

FAS-Mediated Apoptosis and Its Relation to Intrinsic Pathway Activation in an Experimental Model of Retinal Detachment

David N. Zacks,1 Qiong-Duan Zheng,1 Ying Han,1 Rita Bakhru,1 and Joan W. Miller2

1From the Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and the 2Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
PURPOSE. To determine whether the FAS-mediated apoptosis pathway becomes activated in the retina after retinal detachment and to investigate the temporal relationship between the activation of the FAS-pathway and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway involving caspase-9 and cytochrome c.

METHODS. Experimental retinal detachments were created in Brown-Norway rats by injecting 10% hyaluronic acid into the subretinal space. Retinal tissue was harvested at 2, 4, 8, 24, 72, and 168 hours after creation of the detachment. Immunoprecipitation was performed to assess for FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex formation, and activation of caspase-8 and BID (a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins) was assessed by Western blot analysis. A caspase-9 activity assay and immunoprecipitation of the caspase-9/cytochrome c complex were performed at these same time points. Specific pathway inhibition was performed with the caspase-9 inhibitor zLEHD.fmk or neutralizing antibodies against either the FAS-receptor or FAS-ligand. Transcription levels of FAS and intrinsic pathway intermediates were assessed as a function of time after retinal detachment by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS. Retinal detachment resulted in the time-dependent formation of the FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex that preceded the peak of caspase-9 activity and caspase-9/cytochrome c complex formation. Cleavage of caspase-8 and truncation of BID were also observed. Injection of zLEHD.fmk into the subretinal space of a detached retina resulted in decreased caspase-9 activity, as did injection of anti-FAS-receptor antibody into either the subretinal space or the vitreous. Retinal detachment resulted in the transcriptional upregulation of the FAS-receptor, FAS-ligand, caspase-8 and BID, but not caspase-9 and cytochrome c.

CONCLUSIONS. The FAS-mediated apoptosis pathway becomes activated and transcriptionally upregulated after retinal detachment. The peak of FAS activation precedes that of the intrinsic pathway, and inhibition of FAS activation can decrease caspase-9 activity.

A common feature of many retinal diseases is the physical separation of the neurosensory retina from its normal underlying structures. The detachment of the retina from its source of metabolic support results in apoptotic photoreceptor cell death.1 2 3 However, the molecular mechanisms of activation, transduction, and execution of the apoptotic cascade in this setting are poorly understood.

In general, apoptosis is activated by one of two main pathways: the receptor-mediated pathway4 and the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway5 (Fig. 1) . Components of the FAS/FAS-ligand system represent the prototypical receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway. Both FAS and FAS-ligand are surface membrane proteins that belong to the tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} superfamily of proteins.6 As shown in Figure 1 , there is a sequential activation of various intermediary proteins, including caspase-8, BID (a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins), and caspase-3.



View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. Schematic representation of the intrinsic and FAS-mediated apoptosis pathways showing the position of the various intermediates being examined in this study, relative to one another in the pathway sequence. Please note that this diagram omits some pathway components that were not studied. Cyto C, cytochrome c; Casp 9, caspase-9; Apaf-1, apoptosis-activating factor-1; Casp 8, caspase-8; tBID, truncated BID; Casp 3, caspase-3.

 
Apoptosis can also become activated through an intrinsic pathway. This pathway does not involve a surface receptor, but rather is formed by the modification of intracellular pools of proteins. Such modulators include BID, as well as other members of the Bcl-2 family. Environmental or intracellular stressors result in post-translation modification of these proteins, which then exert their effect on the mitochondria to release cytochrome c. The released cytochrome c then binds with apoptosis-activating factor-1 and caspase-9 to form a complex known as the apoptosome, which in turn activates more downstream apoptotic reactions.

We have previously shown the initiation of photoreceptor cell death by the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.1 Retinal detachment activates the apoptosis initiator caspase-9 and the downstream apoptosis intermediates caspase-3 and -7 and poly-ADP ribose-polymerase (PARP).

In this study, we sought to determine whether only the intrinsic pathway becomes activated during detachment or whether the receptor-mediated pathway also contributes to photoreceptor death. Using our experimental model of retinal detachment, we demonstrated the activation of the FAS/FAS-ligand pathway as a function of time after the creation of the retinal detachment. FAS pathway activation preceded that of the intrinsic pathway, and its inhibition decreased the extent of intrinsic pathway activity. In addition, FAS pathway intermediates were transcriptionally upregulated, whereas intrinsic pathway intermediates were not.


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Animal Model of Retinal Detachments
All experiments were performed in accordance with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research and the guidelines established by the University Committee on Use and Care of Animals of the University of Michigan. Retinal detachments were created in adult male Brown-Norway rats (300–400 g), as previously described. Briefly, rats were anesthetized with a 50:50 mix of ketamine (100 mg/mL) and xylazine (20 mg/mL), and pupils were dilated with topical phenylephrine (2.5%) and tropicamide (1%). A sclerotomy was created approximately 2 mm posterior to the limbus with a 20-guage microvitreoretinal blade (Walcott Scientific, Marmora, NJ), with special caution taken to avoid damaging the lens. A Glaser subretinal injector (32-gauge tip; BD Ophthalmic Systems, Sarasota, FL) connected to a syringe filled with 10 mg/mL sodium hyaluronate (Healon; Pharmacia and Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI) was introduced through the sclerotomy into the vitreous cavity. The tip of the subretinal injector was introduced into the subretinal space through a peripheral retinotomy, and the sodium hyaluronate was slowly injected. The neurosensory retina was thus detached from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. In all experiments, approximately one third to one half of the retina was detached. Detachments were made in the left eye, with the right eye serving as the control. In control eyes, sham surgery was performed in which all components of the procedure were performed except introduction of the subretinal injector and creation of the detachment. In experimental eyes, only the detached portion of the retina was harvested for analysis.

Western Blot Analysis
Retinas from experimental and control eyes were dissected from the RPE-choroid at 3 and 7 days after retinal detachment, homogenized, and lysed with buffer containing 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.6), 0.5% IgEPal, 42 mM KCl, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), and 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 tablet of protease inhibitors per 10 mL buffer (Complete Mini; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The homogenates were incubated on ice and centrifuged at 22,000g at 4°C for 60 minutes. The protein concentration of the supernatant was then determined (Dc Protein Assay kit; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules CA). The protein samples were loaded and run on SDS-polyacrylamide gels (4%–20% Tris-HCl Ready Gels; Bio-Rad Laboratories). After electrophoretic separation, the proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Immobilon-P; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ). Protein bands were visualized with Ponceau S staining and the lanes assessed for equal loading by densitometry of a nonspecific band present across all lanes. Membranes were then placed in 5% nonfat powdered milk in TBS (150 mM NaCl, and 50 mM Tris [pH 7.6]) and incubated overnight at 4°C on a shaker. Membranes were then incubated with the primary antibody in 2.5% powdered milk in TBS overnight at 4°C. Membranes were washed extensively with TBS-T (0.1% Tween-20) and incubated with horseradish-peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody (1:3000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) for 1 hour at room temperature. Bands were visualized by chemiluminescence (ECL-Plus; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Antibodies against the following proteins were used: caspase-8 (1:800 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), caspase-9 (1:2000 dilution; MBL, Nakaku, Japan), cytochrome c (1:1000 dilution; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), BID (1:1000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), FAS (1:1000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and FAS-ligand (1:2000 dilution; MBL).

Immunoprecipitation
Retinal samples were isolated as just described. For each condition tested, 20 µg of protein extract was placed in 100 µL of immunoprecipitation buffer-A (IP-A) and PMSF (20 mM Tris [pH 7.5], 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM PMSF) and 100 µL IP-B buffer (100 mM Tris [pH 7.5], 100 mM NaCl, and 0.4% Triton X-100). Samples were first incubated overnight with an anti-FAS antibody (0.2 µg anti-FAS rabbit polyclonal IgG; sc-716; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 4°C with gentle rocking, and then incubated for 2 hours in 35 µL of 50% suspension of protein G Sepharose beads at 4°C with gentle rocking. Beads were prewashed four times with 1 mL cold IP-C buffer (50 mM Tris [pH 7.5], 100 mM NaCl, and 0.2% Triton X-100) and pelleted at 2200 rpm for 6 minutes. Resuspended beads with attached proteins were diluted with Laemmli dye loading buffer and heated at 95°C for 10 minutes before running on a 4% to 20% SDS-polyacrylamide gel (Ready Gel; Bio-Rad Laboratories). Western blot analysis was performed as just described, with a monoclonal antibody against FAS-ligand (D057-3; MBL). Immunoprecipitation of the caspase-9/cytochrome c complex was performed with a similar protocol, except the antibodies used were anti-caspase-9 (rabbit polyclonal IgG; sc-7885; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and a monoclonal antibody against cytochrome c (BV-3026-3; MBL). Densitometry of Western blot bands was then performed on a commercial system (440CF Image Station; Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY). For each time point, the densitometry reading of the detached retina was normalized against the densitometry reading of the attached retina at the same time point.

Caspase-9 Activity Assay and Caspase-9 Inhibition
Caspase-9 activity was measured with a colorimetric tetrapeptide LEHD-pNA cleavage assay kit, per the manufacturer’s instructions (BioVision, Mountain View, CA). In this assay, 100 µg total retinal protein from either attached or detached retinas was incubated with substrate (LEHD-pNA, 200 µM final concentration) at 37°C for 60 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 405 nm in a microplate reader (SpectraMAX 190; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). As a negative control, retinal protein was incubated with assay buffer without the tetrapeptide. A second negative control was used in which assay buffer alone was incubated with the tetrapeptide. As a positive control, purified caspase-9 was incubated with the tetrapeptide alone. At each time point, the caspase-9 activity in the detached retina was normalized against the caspase-9 activity in attached retina at the same time point.

The ability of different compounds to inhibit caspase-9 activity in vivo was also measured. The retina was detached with sodium hyaluronate according to the protocol described earlier, followed immediately by the injection of 5 µL of inhibitor. First, the direct inhibitor of caspase-9-zLEHD.fmk was tested. Five microliters of the zLEHD.fmk (2-mM solution in dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]; BioVision) was injected into the subretinal space of the detached retina with a syringe (Hamilton Syringe; Hamilton Corp., Reno, NV). Five microliters DMSO was injected into the subretinal space of the detached retinas as a control for the solvent in which the zLEHD.fmk was dissolved. Second, the neutralizing antibody against the FAS-receptor (5 µg in phosphate-buffered saline; clone ZB4; Upstate Biotechnology, Lake Placid, NY) or FAS-ligand (5 µg in phosphate-buffered saline; clone NOK-1; BD Biosciences) was injected into either the subretinal space or the vitreous cavity. In all inhibition experiments, the retinas were harvested at 24 hours after detachment, as this was the peak of caspase-9 activity after detachment (described in the Results section). The caspase-9 activity in the detached retina was normalized against the caspase-9 activity in attached retina at the same time point.

Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Retinal samples were harvested as for the caspase-9 assay. Total RNA was isolated (TRIzol reagent; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). First-strand cDNA synthesis was performed with 3 µg of total RNA, 200 U reverse transcriptase (Superscript III; Invitrogen), and oligo(dT)20 in a total reaction volume of 20 µL at 42°C for 2 hours. The reaction was terminated by heating. RNaseH was used to remove the template RNA. The reverse transcription products were diluted 1:4 in dH2O.

Real-time PCR was performed by using 1 µL of cDNA, 100 nM of each primer, and PCR master mix (IQ SYBR Green Super Mix; Bio-Rad Laboratories) to make a final volume of 25 µL. Reaction mixtures were incubated in a thermocycler (iCycler; Bio-Rad Laboratories) in the following temperature/time sequences: 95°C for 2 hours; 45 cycles of 95°C for 30 minutes, 57°C for 30 minutes, and72°C 30 minutes; and a final cycle of 58°C for 10 minutes. Primers specific for the rat hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (rHPRT) gene were used as an internal control to allow for normalization and direct comparison between multiple samples. All primers (Table 1) were designed to span intron/exon boundaries, to distinguish between transcripts and any contaminating genomic DNA. Samples lacking reverse transcriptase or cDNA template served as the negative control. For each primer set, quantitative (q)RT-PCR was performed on samples derived from three different animals and repeated three times per animal. Quality analysis of the PCR products was performed by running an aliquot of each sample on a 2% Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) gel. In addition, melting curves for each PCR reaction were analyzed to ensure that dimerization of PCR primers did not generate a false-positive response. Each reaction was performed three times on three independent samples derived from separate animals. The average x-fold change in expression relative to the rHPRT transcript level was calculated and significance analyzed with Student’s t-test.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. Primer Sequences Used for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Reactions

 
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections obtained from paraffin-embedded retinas. Epitope unmasking was performed by incubating the sections in boiling 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 10 minutes. Slides were then washed with PBST (PBS with 0.5% Tween-20), incubated for 10 minutes in 3% H2O2 at room temperature, and washed again in PBST. The incubation with primary and secondary antibodies was performed with a tyramide signal amplification (TSA)-fluorescein detection kit (Perkin-Elmer, Boston, MA), per the manufacturer’s instructions.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Our first objective was to determine whether the FAS pathway would be activated. Figure 2 shows the immunoprecipitation of the FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex. Activation of caspase-8 and BID was demonstrated on Western blot analysis by formation of their cleaved forms (Fig. 2) , as would be expected by the formation of functional FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex. The peak of FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex formation occurred at 8 hours after creation of the detachment (Fig. 3) . This preceded the peak of caspase-9 activity, which occurred at 24 hours after creation of the detachment (Fig. 4) , corresponding to the peak of caspase-9/cytochrome c complex formation (Fig. 4) . Normalizing the densitometry readings for any decrease in outer nuclear layer thickness that might result from the retinal detachment did not significantly alter the relative values shown.



View larger version (46K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2. Activation of the FAS pathway. Immunoprecipitation (A) and Western blot analysis (B, C) of detached versus attached retinas. (A) Lane 1: retinas detached for 3 days; lane 2: control (attached) retinas from animals with detachment for 3 days; lane 3: retinas detached for 7 days; lane 4: control (attached) retinas from animals with detachment for 7 days. (B, C) Lane 1: control (attached) retinas from animals with detachment for 3 days; lane 2: retinas detached for 3 days; lane 3: control (attached) retinas from animals with detachment for 7 days; lane 4: retinas detached for 7 days. For all experiments the loading controls were equal across all lanes. Casp 8, caspase-8; cl-casp 8, cleaved caspase-8; tBID, truncated BID.

 


View larger version (22K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3. Kinetics of FAS-receptor/FAS-ligand complex formation as a function of time of retinal detachment. The units on the ordinate correspond to the normalized densitometry readings of the immunoprecipitated complex.

 


View larger version (30K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 4. Kinetics of intrinsic pathway activation as measured by caspase-9 activity levels (top) and caspase-9/cytochrome c complex formation (bottom). For both panels, the units on the ordinate correspond to the normalized densitometry readings from either the activity assay or the immunoprecipitation experiments. Inset: actual immunoprecipitation band for the complex in retinas detached for 24 hours versus control (attached) retinas. Loading across both lanes was equal.

 
Direct inhibition of the intrinsic pathway was possible by the use of a caspase-9 inhibitor or, indirectly, by inhibiting FAS complex formation. Caspase-9 activity levels were used as a measurement of the intrinsic pathway activation. The activity levels were tested 24 hours after the retinal detachment was created and inhibitor applied, as this was the time of peak caspase-9 activity (Fig. 4) . Injection of the caspase-9 inhibitor zLEHD.fmk into the subretinal space of a detached retina significantly reduced caspase-9 activity to approximately 50% of the control level (P = 0.05; Fig. 5 ). Injection of neutralizing antibodies against either the FAS-receptor or the FAS-ligand into the subretinal space of the detached retina also resulted in the reduction of caspase-9 activity by approximately 50% (P = 0.05; Fig. 6 ). The effect of intravitreal injection of these antibodies was less than that of the subretinal injection and did not reach statistical significance. Intravitreally injected anti-FAS-receptor antibody reduced caspase-9 activity by only approximately 30% (P = 0.13). Intravitreal injection of anti-FAS-ligand antibody resulted in only a 10% reduction of caspase-9 activity (P = 0.54).



View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 5. Inhibition of caspase-9 activity after 24 hours of detachment, as measured in vitro, by the injection of the caspase-9 inhibitor zLEHD.fmk at the time of detachment. The difference between the two groups was significant at P = 0.05.

 


View larger version (23K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 6. Inhibition of caspase-9 activity after 24 hours of detachment, as measured in vitro, by the injection of anti-FAS-receptor (anti-FAS) or anti-FAS-ligand (anti-FASL) neutralizing antibodies at the time of detachment. Subretinal injection of either antibody significantly reduced caspase-9 activity (P = 0.05). Intravitreal injection was less effective in reducing caspase-9 activity and the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.13 for the anti-FAS-receptor antibody, and P = 0.54 for the anti-FAS-ligand antibody).

 
We observed a time-dependent increase in the levels of FAS-receptor, FAS-ligand, caspase-8, BID, and caspase-3 on Western blot analysis of protein extracts from detached retinas (data not shown). Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine whether increased transcription causes the detachment-induced changes in levels of apoptosis intermediates (Table 1 , Fig. 7 ). Members of the intrinsic pathway and receptor-mediated pathways were assessed for upregulation of transcripts. All expression levels were normalized to the expression of HPRT within the same group (detached or attached), to minimize any artificial elevation in intergroup comparisons that might result from a decreased photoreceptor cell count in the detached retinas. A change of onefold represents no change above baseline expression. The transcript levels for FAS-receptor, FAS-ligand, caspase-8, and caspase-3 were increased at both 3 and 7 days after detachment (P = 0.05). BID transcript level was also elevated, but not until 7 days after the retina was detached (P = 0.05). This is in contrast to the intrinsic pathway intermediates cytochrome c and caspase-9, which had no significant changes in their expression levels. Despite their early activation in retinal detachment, increased transcription of this pathway’s components did not occur. This is consistent with the Western blot results, which did not reveal any time-dependent increase in the level of these two proteins. Immunostaining of the detached retina for caspase-3 shows that the increased transcription occurs primarily at the level of the outer nuclear layer (Fig. 8) .



View larger version (37K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 7. Quantitative real-time PCR results for various apoptosis pathway intermediates. A change of onefold represents no difference in expression between detached and attached retina. Each data point represents the average of three individual assays on three separate samples. FAS pathway intermediates: caspase-3, caspase-8, BID, FAS-R (FAS-receptor), and FAS-L (FAS-ligand). Intrinsic pathway components: Caspase-9 and cytochrome c. Error bars, SEM. *Statistical significance in expression over the control rHPRT (P = 0.05; Student’s t-test).

 


View larger version (32K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 8. Caspase-3 immunostaining of attached retina (left) and a retina detached for 7 days (right). There was a marked increase in caspase-3 staining in the outer nuclear layer of the detached retina ({cjs3661}).

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Retinal detachment results in apoptotic photoreceptor cell death.1 2 3 We have previously shown the activation of components of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, particularly caspase-9.1 In this study, we provided the first demonstration that retinal detachment upregulates and activates the FAS/FAS-ligand pathway. This upregulation occurs at the transcription level, as demonstrated by the increased levels of messenger RNA. These components are not just present at increased levels of the pro form, but become activated by the detachment, as evidenced by their cleavage into enzymatically active states.

Our data showing that FAS activation precedes that of the intrinsic pathway, when taken in conjunction with the ability to decrease the latter’s activity by inhibition of the former, suggest a direct linkage of activation between the two. This linkage may be provided by the proapoptosis protein BID (Fig. 1) . This protein is known to be activated by the FAS pathway through the activation of caspase-8. BID, through the activation of BAX—another member of the Bcl-2 protein family, can activate the intrinsic pathway by stimulating the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Reducing FAS activation with a neutralizing antibody can thus result in decreased activation of the intrinsic pathway. This finding is consistent with the results of Yang et al.,7 who found decreased photoreceptor cell loss in a similar experimental model of retinal detachment in a Bax-deficient mouse.

It is important to note that the inhibition of caspase-9 activity was not complete, either with the direct inhibitor of caspase-9 or with the use of the neutralizing antibody. This could represent a dose effect, or the inability of these agents to access the target cells sufficiently. In addition, the intrinsic pathway may be activated by FAS-independent mechanisms, not susceptible to inhibition by FAS-neutralizing antibodies. Our data do not demonstrate increased survival of photoreceptor cells with these inhibitors, but rather the modulation of the intrinsic pathway activity. Further work is necessary to demonstrate the utility of this strategy in functional preservation of the retina during retinal detachment.

Upregulation of the FAS/FAS-ligand pathway has been well documented in experimental models of brain ischemia.8 9 10 The intermediates of this pathway normally exist at very low levels, and the onset of expression occurs only after the injury.10 Morphologically, the expression occurs most predominantly in the penumbral region of the ischemic injury, suggesting that receptor-mediated apoptosis plays a role in delayed cell death. In contrast, early or immediate cell death appears to be mediated by the mitochondrial pathway.6 11 Cells undergoing early death use pre-existing intermediates, rather than rely on their de novo synthesis. Cells surviving this early death may even decrease levels of intrinsic intermediates such as caspase-9.8

In our previous description of this experimental model of retinal detachment we described the initial and immediate death of a subpopulation of cells, followed by a slow attrition of photoreceptors when the detachment persisted for an extended period.1 The data presented herein suggest that the population of cells that do not undergo immediate cell death upregulate the components of the receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway. It is not clear why this upregulation occurs, but it may provide another mechanism for control and regulation of the slow and cumulative loss of photoreceptor cells that occurs in chronic retinal detachments. This delayed apoptosis may occur independently of the intrinsic pathway, which has a peak activity at 24 hours after detachment and is not transcriptionally upregulated after the detachment.

Hisatomi et al.3 were unable to show inhibition of early cell death in FAS-deficient mice. They showed that caspase-independent apoptosis via the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-initiating factor (AIF) plays an important role in detachment-induced photoreceptor death.3 AIF is a known mediator of cell death in a variety of systems that exerts its effect by relocalizing from the mitochondria to the nucleus and promoting DNA degradation.12 13 14 Using a model of retinal detachment similar to the one described herein, they were able to show AIF relocalization from the mitochondria of photoreceptors to their nuclei. This relocalization occurred early after retinal detachment and temporally coincided with the amount of TUNEL-positive staining in the outer nuclear layer. It is not known what stimulates the release of AIF from the mitochondria nor what its relationship is to the FAS pathway in this model of experimental retinal detachment. Perhaps the AIF-mediated apoptosis Hisatomi et al.3 observed provides an alternate route for cell death in the absence of FAS activation.

FAS-mediated apoptosis has recently been suggested to play a role in photoreceptor death during macular degeneration.15 In addition, macular degeneration results in a pattern of outer retinal reorganization and degeneration similar to that which occurs after retinal detachment.16 The experimental model of retinal detachment may therefore be a suitable model for dissecting the molecular pathways resulting in the photoreceptor loss common to both diseases. Preventing the upregulation or directly inhibiting the FAS/FAS-ligand pathway may provide a therapeutic target for preventing photoreceptor cell loss and its associated decrease in vision.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by National Eye Institute Grant K08-EY14705-01 (DNZ) and an Research to Prevent Blindness Career Development Award (DNZ).

Submitted for publication May 26, 2004; revised July 23, 2004; accepted July 27, 2004.

Disclosure: D.N. Zacks, (P); Q.-D. Zheng, None; Y. Han, None; R. Bakhru, None; J.W. Miller (P)

The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Corresponding author: David N. Zacks, Retina Service, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; davzacks{at}umich.edu.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Zacks DN, Hanninen V, Pantcheva M, Ezra E, Grosskreutz C, Miller JW. Caspase activation in an experimental model of retinal detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:1262–1267.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Cook B, Lewis GP, Fisher SK, Adler R. Apoptotic photoreceptor degeneration in experimental retinal detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:990–996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Hisatomi T, Sakamoto T, Murata T, et al. Relocalization of apoptosis inducing factor in photoreceptor apoptosis induced by retinal detachment in vivo. Am J Pathol. 2001;158:1271–1278.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Walczak H, Krammer PH. The CD95 (APO-1/Fas) and the TRAIL (APO-2L) apoptosis systems. Exp Cell Res. 2000;256:58–66.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  5. Loeffler M, Kroemer G. The mitochondrion in cell death control: certainties and incognita. Exp Cell Res. 2000;256:19–26.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Love S. Apoptosis and brain ischaemia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psych. 2003;27:267–282.[CrossRef][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Yang L, Bula D, Arroyo JG, Chen DF. Preventing retinal detachment-associated photoreceptor cell loss in bax-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:648–654.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Harrison DC, Davis RP, Bond BC, et al. Caspase mRNA expression in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Mol Brain Res. 2001;89:133–146.[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Krupinski J, Lopez E, Marti E, Ferrer I. Expression of caspases and their substrates in the rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis. 2000;7:332–342.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  10. Rosenbaum DM, Gupta G, D’Amore J, et al. Fas (CD95/APO-1) plays a role in the pathophysiology of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res. 2000;61:686–692.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  11. Cao G, Minami M, Pei W, et al. Intracellular Bax translocation after transient cerebral ischemia: implications for a role of the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway in ischemic neuronal death. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21:321–133.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  12. Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N, et al. Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature. 1999;397:441–446.[CrossRef][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Wang X, Yang C, Chai J, Shi Y, Xue D. Mechanisms of AIF-mediated apoptotic DNA degradation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science. 2002;298:1587–1592.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Lipton SA, Bossy-Wetzel E. Dueling activities of AIF in cell death versus survival: DNA binding and redox activity. Cell. 2002;111:147–150.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Dunaief JL, Dentchev T, Ying GS, Milam AH. The role of apoptosis in age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1435–1442.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Johnson PT, Lewis GP, Talaga KC, et al. Drusen-associated degeneration in the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:4481–4488.[Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Br. J. Ophthalmol.Home page
T Oshitari, S Yamamoto, N Hata, and S Roy
Mitochondria- and caspase-dependent cell death pathway involved in neuronal degeneration in diabetic retinopathy
Br. J. Ophthalmol., April 1, 2008; 92(4): 552 - 556.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch OphthalmolHome page
D. N. Zacks, C. Boehlke, A.-L. Richards, and Q.-D. Zheng
Role of the Fas-Signaling Pathway in Photoreceptor Neuroprotection
Arch Ophthalmol, October 1, 2007; 125(10): 1389 - 1395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
S. Luthra, B. Fardin, J. Dong, D. Hertzog, S. Kamjoo, S. Gebremariam, V. Butani, R. Narayanan, J. K. Mungcal, B. D. Kuppermann, et al.
Activation of Caspase-8 and Caspase-12 Pathways by 7-Ketocholesterol in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2006; 47(12): 5569 - 5575.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
D. N. Zacks, Y. Han, Y. Zeng, and A. Swaroop
Activation of signaling pathways and stress-response genes in an experimental model of retinal detachment.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2006; 47(4): 1691 - 1695.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (8)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Zacks, D. N.
Right arrow Articles by Miller, J. W.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Zacks, D. N.
Right arrow Articles by Miller, J. W.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS