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1From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Eye Clinic, Copenhagen, Denmark; and 3National Eye Clinic for the Visually Impaired, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract |
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METHODS. A cohort of 2,616,439 Danish children born between 1962 and 2000 was followed from 1980 or from the day of birth, whichever occurred later, until their 18th birthday, death, emigration, or diagnosis of cataract, whichever occurred first. Cases were ascertained from the Danish National Register of Patients (NRP) and validated by reviewing the medical records. They were divided into four groups: congenital/infantile (CI) cataract, traumatic cataract, complicated cataract, and "other" types of cataract.
RESULTS. After diagnostic validation, 1311 children with cataract (59% with CI cataract) were included in the study. During 1995 to 2000 the overall cumulative risk of childhood cataract was 108.4 per 100,000 children. There was no significant difference in incidence between girls and boys or over time (1980 to 2000) for CI, complicated, and "other" types of cataract. In contrast, the incidence of traumatic cataract was significantly higher among boys. It remained increased during the entire study period despite a 23% decrease per 5 years among boys. Sixty-six percent of the children diagnosed with CI cataract below 2 years of age underwent surgery within 1 year.
CONCLUSIONS. The stable incidence during a 20-year period of CI cataract and complicated cataract indicates that risk factors for these conditions have remained unchanged, whereas the marked drop of traumatic cataract among boys most likely reflects changed behavior and an increased focus on preventive measures.
Some cases of childhood cataract are associated with other ocular or systemic diseases or are a result of trauma. Approximately half of the cases traditionally referred to as congenital or infantile cataract are of unknown etiology11 12 13 14 and another 20%–35% are believed to be genetically based.8 13 15 16 It is unknown to what extent changes in lifestyle and environment in recent decades may have influenced the risk of cataract.
The unique Danish population-based registers formed the basis of the study of the cumulative risk and the age-specific incidence of childhood cataract during the past 20 years with respect to age, sex, type of cataract, and calendar period.
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Methods |
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Cases of cataract within the cohort were ascertained from the Danish National Register of Patients (NRP). Since 1977 the NRP has registered discharge diagnoses for all patients admitted to public hospitals (inpatients) in Denmark. In addition, surgical procedures are registered. Since January 1, 1995, the diagnoses for outpatients and for patients seen in emergency wards at hospitals have also been registered. Inpatients and outpatients are coded differently in NRP, making it possible to differentiate between the two ways of handling the patient. For the purpose of this study the date of the first registered cataract diagnosis of a particular case was considered to be the date of occurrence of cataract.
During the study period 1980 to 2000, two versions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) were used, namely versions 8 (1980 to 1993) and 10 (1994 to 2000). Cases of cataract were identified as codes 74,439 and 37,400 to 37,409 in ICD-8 and as codes Q120 and Q12, H25-H25.2, H25.8, H25.9, H26-H26.3, H26.4, H26.8, H26.9, H27, H27.8, H27.9, H28-H28.2 in ICD-10.
To validate the diagnoses, all medical records of cases with a discharge diagnosis of cataract were thoroughly reviewed, the only exception being children who were solely registered with traumatic cataract or complicated cataract. For these diagnoses a stratified random sample was selected, making up 40 medical records out of 286 registered cases with traumatic cataract, and 30 medical records out of 120 registered cases with complicated cataract. Whenever a case was registered with two different cataract diagnoses (e.g., traumatic and complicated cataract, or infantile and complicated cataract), the medical record was reviewed for proper classification of the case.
Subsequently, the cases of cataract were grouped into four categories: congenital/infantile (CI) cataract, traumatic cataract, complicated cataract, and "other" types of cataract.
CI cataract included hereditary cataracts and cataracts in association with syndromes (e.g., Down and Marfan syndromes), and/or congenital ocular abnormalities (e.g., congenital ectopica lentis, aniridia, persistent hyaloid artery, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, posterior lenticonus). Furthermore, if no obvious etiology or association was present, nuclear/zonular cataract and anterior or posterior polar cataract were considered to be congenital morphologies.7 18
Early cataracts associated with retinopathy of prematurity and cataracts associated with uveitis and Coats’ disease were included in the group of complicated cataracts. Cataract developed after intraocular surgery was also classified as complicated cataract.
Traumatic cataract was defined as cataract occurring after blunt or perforating trauma to the eyeball.
The "other" types of cataract is a mixture of small subgroups, each considered too rare to constitute an independent group. Subgroups consist of drug-induced cataract (n = 23), which includes cataracts caused by steroid therapy,19 diabetic cataract (n = 12), cataract of other specified etiology (n = 14), and cases whose medical records were not found and whose primary diagnosis did not fit into the main groups (n = 4).
Surgery rates were based on the registered diagnoses of surgery on the lens coded as 17,000 to 17,490 (all included) in ICD-8 and as KCJB-KCJW99 (all included) in the ICD-10 nomenclature.
Permission to receive data from the national registries was obtained from the Danish Data Protection Agency (2000–41-0285). The study was approved by the Scientific-Ethical Committees for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg ((KF) 01–253/00), and it adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Statistical Analyses
Age-specific incidence rates were estimated as the number of cases divided by the amount of person-years at risk in each age category. Person-years at risk were calculated by assuming that children were at risk from January 1, 1980, or from the day of birth, whichever occurred later, until the first diagnosis of cataract, or until death, emigration, 18th birthday, or December 31, 2000, whichever occurred first. Statistical tests and estimation of sex ratios and time trends in incidence rates per 5 years were performed using log-linear Poisson regression with the number of cases as the dependent variable, and with age, calendar period (1980 to 1984,1985 to 1989,1990 to 1994,1995 to 2000) and sex as the independent variables, and the logarithm of person-years at risk as offset. The age groups used for congenital/infantile cataract were 0–2 months, 3–5 months, 6–8 months, 9–11 months, and 1, 2, 3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–13, and 14–17 years. The age groups for traumatic and for complicated cataract were 0–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–13, and 14–17 years.
The cumulative risk during childhood, either overall or for a specific sex in a specific period, was estimated as 1-exp (-
), where was the cumulative incidence rate overall or for the specific sex in the specific period. The cumulative incidence rate was determined as a weighted sum of the age-specific incidence rates with the above-mentioned age groups and with weights equal to the number of years in the age categories.
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Results |
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All medical records of the remaining 1018 cases registered with a diagnosis of cataract were reviewed. Of these, 113 did not have cataract (90 had erroneously been given a classification code indicating cataract, and the remaining 23 had been given an observational diagnosis of cataract that was dropped at a subsequent evaluation). Of the 905 remaining medical records, 85% were CI cataract, 5% traumatic, 5% complicated, and 5% belonged to the group of "other" types of cataract. Overall, 20 medical records were not available for evaluation. For this small subgroup we chose to accept the originally registered diagnosis.
A total of 1311 children with cataract remained in the study. There were 779 boys (391 with CI, 266 with traumatic, 93 with complicated, and 29 with "other" types of cataract) and 532 girls (379 with CI, 61 with traumatic, 68 with complicated, and 24 with "other" types of cataract).
Inpatients 1980 to 2000
Table 1 shows the cumulative risk (i.e., the cumulative risk at 18th birthday) of childhood cataract divided into CI, traumatic, complicated, and "other" types. Because cataract in childhood is a rare disease, the cumulative risk corresponds to the cumulative incidence. During 1980 to 2000, the overall cumulative risk of childhood cataract among inpatients was 92.4 per 100,000 children, 107.9 for boys and 76.2 for girls per 100,000 children.
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Since there were no differences in cumulative risks for the cataract groups of CI, complicated, and "‘other" types of cataract, neither during the study period nor according to sex, we estimated the cumulative risk among inpatients 1980 to 2000 including both sexes to be 52.8 per 100,000 for CI cataract, 12 per 100,000 children for complicated cataract, and 3.7 per 100,000 children for "other" types of cataract.
Table 2 presents the age-specific incidences of CI, traumatic, and complicated cataract in the period 1980 to 2000. "Other" types of cataract were excluded from this table due to the heterogeneity and small number of cases. Since the cases with traumatic cataract were the only ones where the incidence varied according to gender (see Table 1 ), the data on this type are shown for both sexes in Table 2 . The majority of cases with CI cataract was diagnosed before 3 years of age, and a subdivision of the lower age groups indicated a lowering of the age at diagnosis over the study period. The incidence of traumatic cataract among boys increased significantly with age (P-trend < 0.0001), whereas there was no such trend among girls (P-trend = 0.12). The incidence of complicated childhood cataract also increased significantly with age (P-trend < 0.0001).
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The percentage of children (0 to 17 years of age) who underwent surgery of the lens within 1 year after being diagnosed with cataract was 55.0% for CI, 79.2% for traumatic, 61.4% for complicated, and 69.3% for "other" types of cataract. However, the percentage of children below 2 years of age with CI cataract who underwent surgery within 1 year after being diagnosed with cataract was 65.7%.
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Discussion |
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The literature is sparse regarding comprehensive studies of the incidence and distribution of childhood cataract. Most knowledge derives from studies performed on subgroups of childhood cataract in certain age groups, usually based on surveys of patients from selected hospitals. In contrast to most previous reports our population figure was derived from a national register that contains currently updated person-identifiable information on residence and vital status of all Danish citizens. This allowed a cohort of all Danes born between 1962 and 2000 to be established and followed until their possible diagnosis of early cataract.
The cataract cases in this study were identified by the hospital discharge diagnoses as coded and registered in the NRP, which is based on mandatory registration of an entire population. During the entire period, 1980 to 2000, all childhood cataract cases that required hospitalization were registered (inpatients). In the most recent period, 1995 to 2000, the diagnoses for outpatients and patients seen in emergency wards at hospitals were also registered, but with codes identifying these as outpatients. The use of hospital registers may thus lead to an underestimation of the incidence. In the period 1980 to 1994, some of the milder cases of cataract may have been missed. In 1995 to 2000, however, milder cases were also registered as hospital outpatients. Cases remaining are those few that originally may have been seen by a private ophthalmologist. However, it is normal practice that children with cataract are examined at an eye department to evaluate the need and timing of surgery, and/or at a pediatric department for evaluation of possibly underlying disease. Furthermore, due to the Danish citizens’ free access to healthcare, it is reasonable to assume that the referral pattern is free from bias caused by socioeconomic status. We therefore believe that the risks and incidences for the 1995 to 2000 subgroup including both inpatients and outpatients are reliable estimates of the risk and incidence of childhood cataract in the Danish population.
Age at first diagnosis of "incident" cataract was determined as the date of the first registration of a cataract diagnosis in the Patient Registry. This method was chosen to permit comparison of the incidence rates of different types of cataract, as some of the medical records were not reviewed. Consequently, the figures presented are based on the date at which a cataract case was first admitted to the hospital and not on the date at which the cataract actually arose. This might give a slightly distorted picture of the age-specific incidence rates, since some of the registered cases have had their cataract developing for some time before registration. The consequence would be that the incidence rates in the lowest age groups are in fact higher than shown here and lower in the higher age groups.
In our study the group of complicated cataract included a few cataracts regarded as a result of a postnatally developed retinopathy of prematurity, cases associated with uveitis, and cataract as a complication of Coats’ disease. Cataract formation after intraocular surgery for congenital glaucoma was equally classified as complicated cataract. When reviewing the medical records, it became obvious that our definition of complicated cataract did not completely match the definition used by many clinicians. Therefore, only 63% of the validated cases were complicated cataracts according to our definition. However, our final number of complicated cataracts included reclassified cases. It can be estimated that 80% of the cases included in this group were complicated cataracts also according to our definition. As a result, the figures for complicated cataract are likely to be slightly overestimated.
The validation of the random sample of the medical records of children with traumatic cataract disclosed that 100% conformed to our definition of traumatic cataract. The reviewed medical records in this group eventually also contained cases from other groups that had been revised and reclassified. All the medical records of the cases with CI cataract and "other" types of cataract were reviewed. The group of "other" types of cataract was thought to be too small and heterogeneous from which to draw conclusions. The estimated number of CI cataract cases hidden in the nonvalidated part of complicated cataract would constitute < 2% of the cases, and a misclassification of this magnitude could have caused only a marginal underestimation of the number of CI cataract cases.
The risk of CI cataract among inpatients appeared similar among boys and girls and remained stable during the past 20 years, indicating that risk factors for this disease have remained largely unchanged. The stable incidence is consistent with the only other published study of a similar nature which, based on a smaller sample size (n = 136), describes trends over a 16-year period of congenital cataract in four Swedish counties.6 In contrast to the Swedish study, we calculated the risk estimates on the basis of person-years at risk, thus ensuring a correct measure of the denominator throughout the period under study.
Most previous studies have reported lower risk estimates for CI cataract than the 72.0/100,000 children found in the present Danish study, the exception being a United States birth cohort study of children born between 1959 and 1965 giving a cumulative incidence of 136/100,000 children.9 Some of the discrepancy between the two studies can be explained by differences in vaccination coverage. Whereas most of the mothers giving birth to children in the Danish study would have immunity to rubella, the number was lower in the older US cohort. Excluding cases with known prenatal rubella exposure, the authors of the US study estimated 112/100,000 children to be diagnosed with cataract. The differences may in part also be explained by differences in population composition (e.g., the US population being more heterogeneous than the Danish), or they could reflect a true reduction in cases of infantile cataract from the 1960s to the 1980s.
The only type of cataract that showed changes in the incidence over time in the present study was traumatic cataract, where the incidence was reduced by > 50% among inpatients, though only in boys. A Finnish study from the late 1970s reported a decreasing percentage of eye injuries compared to earlier decades, and the severity of the accidents had decreased.20 The decrease seen in our study might be due to increased focus on the necessity of using protective equipment (e.g., when lighting fireworks and in sports). Among girls the risk of eye injury has been reported to be stable at all ages.20 21 In other studies the boys/girls ratio is 4 to 6 in children with traumatic cataract21 22 23 which is in accordance with the ratio found in our study regarding the period 1980 to 1984. However, more recently the ratio has decreased markedly due to the recent significant decrease in incidence among boys.
The Patient Registry does not include information on the long-term follow-up regarding visual function after a diagnosis of childhood cataract. Information on surgery rates revealed that 66% of children diagnosed with CI cataract before 2 years of age had surgery within a year. There are presently no data in the literature to which this figure can easily be compared. Whereas very early surgical intervention removes the likelihood of suppression of normal visual development, recent studies have found high long-term complication rates of glaucoma development.24 25 26 Thus it remains to be investigated whether the present surgery practice is optimal in relation to the long-term prognosis of the patient’s vision.
In conclusion, this nationwide study of 2.6 million children provided incidence figures for childhood cataract in a developed country. The stable incidence of CI cataract in recent decades indicates that risk factors for this disease have remained largely unchanged. In contrast, preventive measures or changed lifestyles are likely to be responsible for the dramatic drop in the incidence of traumatic cataract.
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Footnotes |
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Submitted for publication June 23, 2003; revised October 22, 2003; accepted November 13, 2003.
Disclosure: B. Haargaard, None; J. Wohlfahrt, None; H.C. Fledelius, None; T. Rosenberg, None; M. Melbye, None
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. 
1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Corresponding author: Birgitte Haargaard, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; bgd{at}ssi.dk.
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