IOVS Annual Reviews: Social Science Suite
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

(Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008;49:184-188.)
© 2008 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
DOI:  10.1167/iovs.07-0847
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mehta, J. S.
Right arrow Articles by Aung, T.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mehta, J. S.
Right arrow Articles by Aung, T.

Analysis of the Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy 3 Gene, TCF8, in Late-Onset Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy

Jodhbir S. Mehta,1,2 Eranga N. Vithana,1,3 Donald T. H. Tan,1,2,3 Victor H. K. Yong,1 Gary H. F. Yam,4 Ricky W. K. Law,4 Wesley G. W. Chong,3 Calvin P. Pang,4 and Tin Aung1,2,3

1From the Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; 2Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and 4Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
PURPOSE. Because the endothelial (posterior) corneal dystrophies share common pathologic features and result from primary endothelial dysfunction, it is possible that a proportion of them could be clinical manifestations of different mutations of the same gene. The aim of our study was to determine whether mutations of the TCF8 gene, recently implicated in posterior polymorphous dystrophy, may also play a role in the development of the more common Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD).

METHODS. Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes of peripheral blood, and the nine exons of the TCF8 gene were PCR amplified and subjected to bidirectional sequencing and analysis. Samples from 74 unrelated Chinese patients (55 women, 19 men) with a diagnosis of late-onset FECD and 93 age- and race-matched controls were studied.

RESULTS. The affected probands ranged in age from 52 to 91 years (mean age, 65.1 years); 8 had familial FECD and 66 had sporadic FECD. The authors found two mutations in the coding region of the TCF8 gene: a novel missense mutation in one patient c.2087A>G in exon 7 (Asn696Ser) and a silent mutation in exon 2 c.192T>C (D64D).

CONCLUSIONS. The identification of a novel missense mutation in only one of the patients implied that TCF8 does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of FECD in this Chinese population.

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD; Mendelian Inheritance in Man [MIM] 136800) is a bilateral, often asymmetric, progressive disorder affecting the corneal endothelium1 in approximately 4% of the population older than 40 years.2 From onset, it typically progresses slowly due to impaired endothelial dysfunction, eventually leading to stromal edema and impaired vision.3 The only effective treatment for restoring vision is surgical replacement either by penetrating keratoplasty4 or, more recently, by a selective posterior lamella procedure such as deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK)5 or Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK).6 FECD is a common indication for allograft transplantation,7 and although penetrating keratoplasty is a successful transplantation procedure, visual rehabilitation is slow because of delayed stromal wound healing, suture-related complications, and surgically induced astigmatism.4 Some of these complications are now circumvented by newer procedures such as DLEK8 and DSEK,9 but there is still the requirement of allograft material and, hence, the risk for allograft rejection.

FECD has been described in the literature as an autosomal dominant inherited condition.10 11 12 It may be classified as an early-onset variant (familial FECD) or a late-onset (classic) variant. The latter may be subclassified as late-onset familial FECD or the more common late-onset sporadic FECD.13 During the past 10 years, some progress has been made in ascertaining the genetic basis of FECD. The much rarer early-onset variant is caused by mutations in the COL8A2 gene.14 15 This gene encodes the {alpha}2 subtype of collagen VIII, a major component of Descemet membrane. Evidence that these mutations are involved in the more common late-onset form of FECD is not convincing.13 14 16 Recently, two genetic loci, FCD117 and FCD2,18 were identified for late-onset FECD. FCD1 was mapped in a single dominant inherited (white) family, and linkage analysis showed the presence of another locus, FCD2, in three other unrelated families. Until the genes located at these loci have been identified, candidate gene analysis poses a sensible method of identifying genes for this condition.

The association between posterior polymorphous dystrophy (PPCD; MIM 122000) and FECD arises from their mutual dysfunction in the development of neural crest cells.19 In addition, they share features of endothelial metaplasia20 and the secretion of an abnormal Descemet membrane in the form of a posterior collagenous layer with a small or absent posterior nonbanded zone.21 22 Ocular characteristics related to PPCD can be seen in relatives of patients with FECD and vice versa. Mutations in the COL8A2 gene have been described in patients with both FECD and PPCD.14 15 Type VIII collagen is found in normal anterior banded Descemet membrane and in the posterior collagenous layer of patients with both FECD and PPCD.23 However, the COL8A2 gene has been shown to cause only a small proportion, 7%, of PPCD cases. More recently, a new gene, TCF8, has been implicated in 45% of PPCD cases.24 25 26 The TCF8 gene encodes a transcription factor that plays a critical role in embryonic development. Of particular significance are previous reports of the TCF8 gene playing a role in the regulation of type I collagen expression27 and in the repression of the epithelial phenotype,28 which is critical for the maintenance of an endothelial phenotype.

In this study, we report, for the first time, the results of mutation analysis of the TCF8 gene in 74 unrelated patients with late-onset FECD. We were unable to identify any of the previously identified pathogenic mutations associated with PPCD, but we did find a novel coding mutation in one patient that led to an amino acid sequence change in a conserved region of the protein. Hence, we conclude that TCF8 did not play a major role in the pathogenesis of FECD in this Chinese population.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The study protocol had the approval of the institutional review boards and ethics committees of the participating centers in Singapore and Hong Kong and was in compliance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Patient Identification and DNA Collection and Preparation
All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including funduscopy, slit lamp examination, and confocal specular microscopy. FECD was diagnosed based on the presence of more than 5 mm confluent central corneal endothelial guttae in each eye (Krachmer grade 4 or higher),2 or it was confirmed histopathologically based on the findings of penetrating keratoplasty. A detailed history, including family history and duration of onset of symptoms, was recorded for all subjects. Written informed consent to participate in the research was obtained from each study participant after the nature and possible consequences of study enrollment were explained.

Mutation Screening of TCF8 Gene in FECD
Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes of the peripheral blood (Nucleon Blood Extraction Kit, Amersham, UK), and the coding regions of the TCF8 gene were amplified by PCR with custom-designed primers. Sequences of the oligonucleotide primers used are shown in Table 1 . All primers were designed so that they would be positioned on intronic segments at least 60 nucleotides on either side of the intron-exon boundary to ensure complete reading of the exons.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		TABLE 1. PCR Primers and Conditions Used for TCF8 Gene Amplification

 
PCR reactions were performed in a 50-µL mixture containing 10 mM Tris HCl (pH 8.9), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µM each deoxyribose nucleoside triphosphate, 25 pmol each primer (100 µM concentration), 0.2 µL DNA polymerase (HotstarTaq; Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany), and 4 µL (50–100 ng) genomic DNA. Thermal cycling was performed (DNA Thermocycler 9700; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) under the following conditions: initial denaturation for 15 minutes at 95°C; 40 cycles of 95°C for 30 seconds, annealing variable temperature 55.4°C to 60.4°C (Table 1) for 30 seconds, and extension 72°C for 30 seconds; and final extension 72°C for 5 minutes.

PCR products were analyzed on an agarose gel to confirm the product size, and they were purified using PCR clean-up columns (GFX; Amersham, Piscataway, NJ). Sequence variations were identified by automated bidirectional sequencing (BigDye Terminator Mix version 3.1; Applied Biosystems) according to manufacturer’s protocols. Samples were denatured at 96°C for 1 minute and cycled 25 times at 96°C for 10 seconds, 50°C for 5 seconds, and 60°C for 4 minutes. Primers for sequence reactions were the same as those for the PCR reaction. Removal of unincorporated nucleotides and purification of PCR products (BigDye Terminator Mix version 3.1; Applied Biosystems) were performed by ethanol precipitation at 4°C. The samples were resuspended in highly deionized formamide (Hi-Di; Applied Biosystems) before sequencing. An automated DNA sequencer (ABI PRISM 3100; Applied Biosystems) was used. Sequence alterations were recorded based on TCF8 cDNA sequence, with +1 corresponding to the A of the ATG translation initiation codon in reference sequence NM_011546.

To identify and exclude known mutations causative of FECD, we screened our panel for coding changes in the COL8A2 gene that were associated with either late-onset sporadic FECD (R304Q and R434H) or early-onset familial FECD (L450W and Q455K).13 14 15 PCR fragments were generated using previously described primers and conditions.13 14 15


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Seventy-four unrelated patients with a diagnosis of late-onset FECD were enrolled in the study. The affected probands ranged in age from 52 to 91 years, and their average age was 65.1 years (SD 12.2 years). There was no statistical difference in the demographic information between the FECD and the control group (mean age, 68.9 [SD 4.58] years; range, 62–87 years; P = 0.56). The study group consisted of 55 women and 19 men. All the patients were Chinese. Eight patients had a family history of FECD, and 66 had late-onset sporadic FECD. Of the eight probands with a family history, one had an affected nephew, one had an affected daughter, two had an affected parent, two had an affected son, one had an affected sister, and one had two affected sons.

Screening for the TCF8 gene in the affected patients did not reveal any of the previous pathogenic mutations associated with posterior polymorphous dystrophy (c.2916_2917delTG, c.1332_1335delCAAT, c.1350C>T, c.1578_1579insG, c.2184G>T). A novel missense mutation substituting asparagine by serine at codon 696 (Asn696Ser) caused by a c.2087A>G mutation within exon 7 was identified in a sporadic FECD case of Chinese ethnicity (Fig. 1A) . This mutation, located in a conserved region of the protein sequence (Fig. 1B) , was not found in any of our 93 healthy controls. We did not find this gene to be polymorphic in the Chinese population. The other single nucleotide polymorphisms identified were a silent mutation (D64D) in exon 2 (c.192T>C) and sequence variations in intron 2 (IVS2–83T>C, IVS2–101G>A) and intron 6 (IVS6+79C>T).


Figure 1
View larger version (31K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 1. The mutation in TCF8 linked to FECD. (A) Sequence electropherogram of the TCF8 heterozygous mutation c.2087A>G (p.Asn696Ser), identified in a sporadic FECD patient (left). Wild-type sequence from an unaffected control is shown to the right for comparison. (B) Multiple sequence alignment of human TCF8 protein with its homologues from different species showing the conservation of the N656 residue.

 
We did not identify any of the coding changes in the COL8A2 gene that have been associated with either late-onset sporadic FECD (R304Q and R434H) or early-onset familial FECD (L450W and Q455K).13 14 15


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
PPCD was mapped to a new region, PPCD3, on chromosome 10, and the gene has been recently cloned.25 The PPCD gene encodes for the two-handed zinc-finger homeodomain transcription factor 8 (TCF8; GenBank accession number NM_030751, which is also known as AREB6, BZP, Nil-2a, ZEB1, ZFHEP, Zfxh1A, and {delta}EF-1). The structure of TCF8 allows for a wide range of functions because each zinc finger has different DNA-binding specificities and effects on gene expression.29 Information from the BodyMap database (http://bodymap.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dbSNP) indicates that TCF8 transcripts are localized to the corneal endothelial layer, and mutations in TCF8 transcripts have been shown to produce a wide range of ocular phenotypes.25 These findings advocate its suitability as a possible candidate gene for corneal endothelial diseases.

Before this study was conducted, we were unaware of any published reports of the screening of the TCF8 gene in a large number of FECD patients from any ethnic origin. Identification of TCF8 as the PPCD3 gene was possible through screening of a large family.24 In that family, one member with FECD was found not to have any mutation within the TCF8 gene. In a screen of 74 FECD patients, we identified a single heterozygous TCF8 gene mutation (Asn696Ser) in one FECD patient that was absent in 93 age- and race-matched controls. Clinically, the patient had features consistent with FECD confirmed by slit lamp biomicroscopy and guttata confirmed by specular microscopy (Fig. 2) ; no clinical features of PPCD were observed. The Asn696Ser mutation was identified in exon 7 of TCF8. This exon seems to be a hot spot area of the TCF8 gene with respect to pathogenic mutations. In the original PPCD family, most mutations were identified in this region.24 More recently, four more novel mutations in PPCD patients have been identified within this exon.30


Figure 2
View larger version (77K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 2. Specular microscopy of the right eye of an FECD patient with a TCF8 mutation showing guttata, endothelial cell pleomorphism, and polymegethism

 
The location of the Asn696Ser mutation in a conserved region of the protein, though outside the homeobox domain of TCF8, suggested that this site may be important to protein function. No structural information is yet available for this portion of the protein, making it difficult to assess the effect of this mutation on the structure of the protein. The Asn696 residue is in a low-complexity region of the protein, with a number of serine and proline residues that are likely to be phosphorylated. According to the phosphorylation prediction site at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos/, the substitution of asparagine with a serine residue also increases the likelihood of phosphorylation at this site. It is unknown whether this increase in phosphorylation will have a profound effect on the TCF8 function as a transcription factor. All TCF8 mutations detected in PPCD patients thus far have been deletions, insertions, or nonsense coding changes predicted to truncate the protein. Given that these mutations will lead to loss of function of the protein, haploinsufficiency has been suggested as the disease mechanism associated with the PPCD phenotype. No TCF8 missense mutations have been identified in PPCD patients. The identification of our heterozygous missense mutation in a FECD patient, therefore, suggested a possible genotype-phenotype correlation for TCF8 mutations, with loss-of-function mutations associated with PPCD and missense mutations with FECD. This, however, remains an interesting hypothesis until the consequences of Asn696Ser mutation on TCF8 function and the mechanism of disease are identified through further functional analysis.

DNA variations in candidate genes of FECD, deemed pathogenic on the basis of their absence in control chromosomes, were later identified as common polymorphisms in other populations.15 16 The heterozygous missense mutation in the COL8A2 gene, R155Q, is one such example; it was described as a pathogenic mutation in a UK sample with late-onset FECD because it was not found in 184 control chromosomes.15 This mutation was later found in healthy Japanese controls, at the same frequency as in patients with FECD, indicating that it is likely to be a common polymorphisms in the Japanese population.16 We cannot exclude the possibility of an increased prevalence of our mutation (Asn696Ser), identified in only one Chinese FECD sample, in other ethnic groups. This warrants the screening of TCF8 gene in FECD patients of other ethnic origins.

The incidence of affected family members of FECD probands may vary from 24.1%2 to 50%.17 Most of our patients did not show any preponderance to a familial trait (10.8% in our series), possibly because of several reasons. Ethnic genetic differences may exist in the penetrance of affected genes, as seen in the low incidence of FECD in Japanese patients.16 Krachmer et al.2 showed that the proportion of affected relatives increased, depending on the age and sex of the relatives. Many relatives of the patients we examined were young, which accounted for the low incidence of classified affected cases. We were also unable to examine all the elderly family members of some of our probands. Mutation screening has shown that the diagnosis of dominantly inherited dystrophy can occur in cases of spontaneous pathogenic mutations.31 32 We may find that many cases previously classified as sporadic may, in fact, be familial as these family members age.

The Asn696Ser mutation was identified in a patient with no recorded family history of FECD; this may represent a de novo pathogenic mutation likely to segregate in dominant fashion in subsequent generations. We were unable to demonstrate cosegregation of the mutation with disease in the family of this patient, primarily because of the nonavailability of parental DNA as a result of death and of the noncompliance of some family members for genetic analysis. We hope to follow up with family members of this patient for future clinical and DNA analyses. Mutations in the TCF8 gene have been associated with the expression of COL4A3 in the corneal endothelium of PPCD patients.24 We also hope to examine the expression of this protein when we are able to obtain a specimen of the patient’s endothelium after corneal transplantation.

In summary, we were able to identify a novel protein-altering mutation in the TCF8 gene in a Chinese patient with FECD that was not present in 93 control chromosomes analyzed. Our results suggest that TCF8 does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of FECD in this Chinese population. We cannot, however, exclude the possibility of pathogenic changes within the promoter, intronic, or untranslated noncoding region of TCF8 playing a role in the pathogenesis of FECD, though there is no evidence to support this. Screening of the TCF8 gene in FECD patients of other ethnicities is required for a conclusion to be made of the pathogenic involvement of TCF8 in FECD.


   Acknowledgements
 
The authors thank Prasanna Ratnakar Kolatkar (Genome Institute of Singapore) for analysis of the mutant protein sequence.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by SERI Pilot Grant R512/61/2006 and by a Peel Travel Grant Award 2006 from the Peel Medical Research Trust, London, UK (JSM).

Submitted for publication July 8, 2007; revised September 6, 2007; accepted November 26, 2007.

Disclosure: J.S. Mehta, None; E.N. Vithana, None; D.T.H. Tan, None; V.H.K. Yong, None; G.H.F. Yam, None; R.W.K. Law, None; W.G.W. Chong, None; C.P. Pang, None; T. Aung, None

The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Corresponding author: Jodhbir S. Mehta, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751; jodmehta{at}yahoo.com.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Adamis AP, Filatov V, Tripathi BJ, Tripathi RC. Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy of the cornea. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;38:149–168.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  2. Krachmer JH, Purcell JJ, Jr, Young CW, Bucher KD. Corneal endothelial dystrophy: a study of 64 families. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:2036–2039.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Waring GO, Bourne WM, Edelhauser HF, Kenyon KR. The corneal endothelium: normal and pathologic structure and function. Ophthlamology. 1982;89:531–590.
  4. Pineros O, Cohen EJ, Rapuano CJ, Liabson PR. Long-term results after penetrating keratoplasty for Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:15–18.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Melles GR, Eggink FA, Lander F, et al. A surgical technique for posterior lamellar keratoplasty. Cornea. 1998;17:618–626.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Melles GR, Wijdh RH, Nieuwendaal CP. A technique to excise the descemet membrane from a recipient cornea (descemetorhexis). Cornea. 2004;23:286–288.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Mamalis N, Anderson CW, Kreisler KR, Lundergan MK, Olson RJ. Changing trends in the indications for penetrating keratoplasty. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:1409–14011.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Terry MA, Ousley PJ. Replacing the endothelium without corneal surface incisions or sutures: the first United States clinical series using the deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty procedure. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:755–764.discussion 764[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Price FW, Price MO. Descemet’s stripping with endothelial keratoplasty in 200 eyes: early challenges and techniques to enhance donor adherence. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32:411–418.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  10. Cross HE, Maumenee AE, Cantolino SJ. Inheritance of Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;85:268–272.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Rosenblum P, Stark WJ, Maumenee IH, Hirst LW, Maumenee AE. Hereditary Fuchs’ dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90:455–462.[Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  12. Magovern M, Beauchamp GR, Mc Tigue JW, et al. Inheritance of Fuchs’ combined dystrophy. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:1897–1923.[Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Aldave AJ, Rayner SA, Salem AK, et al. No pathogenic mutations identified in the COL8A1 and COL8A2 genes in familial Fuchs corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:3787–3790.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Gottsch JD, Sundin OH, Liu SH, et al. Inheritance of a novel COL8A2 mutation defines a distinct early-onset subtype of Fuchs corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:1934–1939.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Biswas S, Munier FL, Yardley J, et al. Missense mutations in COL8A2, the gene encoding the alpha2 chain of type VIII collagen, cause two forms of corneal endothelial dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:2415–2423.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Kobayashi A, Fujiki K, Murakami A, et al. Analysis of COL8A2 gene mutation in Japanese patients with Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy and posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2004;48:195–198.[CrossRef][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  17. Sundin OH, Jun AS, Broman KW, et al. Linkage of late-onset Fuchs corneal dystrophy to a novel locus at 13pTel-13q12.13. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:140–145.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Undin OH, Broman KW, Chang HH, et al. A common locus for late-onset Fuchs corneal dystrophy maps to 18q21.2-q21.32. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:3919–3926.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Bahn CF, Falls HF, Varley GA, et al. Classification of corneal endothelial disorders based on neural crest origin. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:558–563.[Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Hidayat AA, Cockerham GC. Epithelial metaplasia of the corneal endothelium in Fuchs endothelial dystrophy. Cornea. 2006;25:956–959.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  21. Rodrigues MM, Krachmer JH, Hackett J, et al. Fuchs’ corneal dystrophy: a clinicopathologic study of the variation in corneal edema. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:789–796.[Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  22. Matsumoto K, Weber PA, Makley TA. Posterior polymorphous dystrophy—a histopathologic presentation. Ann Ophthalmol. 1988;20:388–390.[Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  23. Levy SG, Moss J, Sawada H, et al. The composition of wide-spaced collagen in normal and diseased Descemet’s membrane. Curr Eye Res. 1996;15:45–52.[Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  24. Krafchak CM, Pawar H, Moroi SE, et al. Mutations in TCF8 cause posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy and ectopic expression of COL4A3 by corneal endothelial cells. Am J Hum Gent. 2005;77:694–708.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  25. Moroi SE, Gokhale P, Schteingart MT, et al. Clinicopathological correlation and genetic analysis in a case of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:461–470.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  26. Shimizu S, Krafchak C, Fuse N, et al. A locus for posterior polymorphous dystrophy (PPCD3) maps to chromosome 10. Am J Med Gent. 2004;130:372–377.
  27. Terraz C, Toman D, Delauche M, Ronco P, Rossert J. Delta Ef1 binds to a far upstream sequence of the mouse pro-alpha 1(I) collagen gene and represses its expression in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:37011–37019.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Frisch SM. E1a induces the expression of epithelial characteristics. J Cell Biol. 1994;127:1085–1096.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Ikeda K, Kawakami K. DNA binding through distinct domains of zinc-finger-homeodomain protein AREB6 has different effects on gene transcription. Eur J Biochem. 1995;233:73–82.[Web of Science][Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  30. Liskova P, Tuft SJ, Gwilliam R, et al. Novel mutations in the ZEB1 gene identified in Czech and British patients with posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Hum Mutat. 2007;28:638.[Medline][Order article via Infotrieve]
  31. Tanhehco T, Eifrig DE, Schwab IR, et al. Two cases of Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy (granular corneal dystrophy type 111) caused by spontaneous mutations in the TGFBI gene. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:589–593.[Free Full Text]
  32. Aldave AJ, Sonmez B. Elucidating the molecular genetic basis of the corneal dystrophies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:177–186.[Abstract/Free Full Text]




This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mehta, J. S.
Right arrow Articles by Aung, T.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mehta, J. S.
Right arrow Articles by Aung, T.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS