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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1954 on April 25, 2008
 (Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008;49:3551-3558.)
© 2008 by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1954
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Correlation between Macular Volume and Focal Macular Electroretinogram in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa

Tadasu Sugita, Mineo Kondo, Chang-Hua Piao, Yasuki Ito, and Hiroko Terasaki

From the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
PURPOSE. To determine whether a significant correlation exists between the morphology of the macula measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the amplitude of focal macular electroretinograms (fmERGs) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

METHODS. fmERGs were recorded in 43 patients with RP and 43 age-similar normal subjects, with a 15° stimulus spot, 5.6 to 5.8 mm in diameter on the fundus. The sum of the volume of the neural retina in the central 6 mm (total macular volume) was measured with the OCT system. The length of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction (IS/OS line) in a 6-mm diameter macular area was also measured in the OCT images.

RESULTS. There was a weak correlation between the total macular volume and the fmERG amplitudes (correlation coefficient, 0.46 for the a-wave and 0.54 for the b-wave). The fmERG amplitudes in the patients with RP with IS/OS line longer than 2 mm were significantly larger than those in patients with RP with IS/OS line shorter than 2 mm, but the correlations between these two factors were weak. One major reason for the low correlations between the macular morphology and fmERGs was that there were some patients with RP who had normal macular volume and long IS/OS line, but had severely reduced focal macular ERGs.

CONCLUSIONS. Although the macular volume and length of the IS/OS line correlated weakly with the amplitude of the fmERGs, a preserved macular morphology does not necessarily guarantee normal-amplitude fmERGs in patients with RP.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a subset of inherited retinal diseases characterized by a progressive loss of the rod and cone photoreceptors.1 2 3 4 5 Past histopathologic studies on patients with RP6 7 8 have shown that the earliest anatomic change is a shortening or distortion of the rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments. This change is followed by the loss of rod and cone photoreceptors beginning in the periphery and progressing toward the central retina.

It is important to evaluate the functional and structural changes in the macular area of patients with RP because the central retina is relatively better preserved until the late stages, and various subjective and objective examinations have been used. Focal ERGs9 10 11 12 13 and multifocal ERGs14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 have been used to assess the macular function of eyes with RP, because these techniques can examine the neural activities of the macular area objectively.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive technique that can assess the morphology of the retina, especially the macula in vivo. This technique is especially useful in patients with RP, because OCT enables the investigator to evaluate the morphologic changes in each retinal layer and the overall retina.22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 It has been shown that the OCT-determined cross-sectional retinal images were well-correlated with retinal histology in animal models of retinal degeneration.37 38 39 40 In addition, there is evidence that the OCT-determined structural changes in the central retina correlate with subjective visual functions including the visual acuity and visual threshold in patients with RP.27 30 34 36 However, there is only one report on the relationship between the morphologic changes measured by OCT and macular function measured by focal macular ERGs (fmERGs) in patients with RP.25 The relationship between the macular morphology and function in patients with RP can provide important information on the treatment of patients with retinal degeneration.29 31 32 33

Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether a significant correlation exists between the amplitude of the fmERGs and the sum of the volume of the neural retina in the central 6 mm of the macula (total macular volume) or the length of the photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction (IS/OS line) measured by OCT images in patients with typical retinitis pigmentosa (RP).


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Subjects
This prospective study included 124 consecutive patients with RP who visited one ophthalmologist (MK) in the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Hospital, from January to December in 2006. The clinical diagnosis of RP was based on the ocular history, funduscopic findings, visual fields, and ISCEV (International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision) standard full-field ERGs.41 The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of RP with a complete medical examination, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured by the standard Japanese decimal visual acuity chart, fundus examination, Goldmann kinetic visual fields, full-field ERGs; BCVA had to be ≥0.3. The exclusion criteria were atypical RP (e.g., central RP, sector RP, or unilateral RP), opacities in the media including cataracts, and cystoid macular edema identified by the OCT. Based on these inclusion and exclusion criteria, 43 eyes of 43 patients with RP (19 males, 24 females; mean age, 41.7 years; range, 16–66) were analyzed. If both eyes met these criteria, then the data from only the right eye were used for the analyses.

The inheritance pattern was autosomal dominant in 6 (14%) patients, autosomal recessive in 6 (14%), and sporadic in 31 (72%). None of the patients was found to have X-linked RP. The best corrected visual acuity ranged from 0.3 to 1.2, and the mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) was 0.052 units.

For controls, fmERGs and OCT were recorded from 43 age-similar normal subjects (14 males, 29 females; mean age, 42.7 years, range, 16–67). None had known abnormalities of the visual system, and their visual acuity was ≥1.0 in all.

The research was conducted in accordance with the Institutional Guidelines of Nagoya University and conformed to the tenets of the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from each of the patients after they were provided sufficient information on the procedures to be used.

Focal Macular ERGs
The stimulus and recording systems used to record fmERGs have been described in detail.13 42 43 Briefly, an infrared fundus camera equipped with a stimulus light, background illumination, and fixation target was used. The image from the camera was fed to a television monitor, and the examiner used the image on the monitor to maintain the stimulus on the macula. A stimulus spot size of 15° was selected because ocular biometry44 45 46 has shown that a 15° stimulus spot covers a retinal area of 5.5 to 5.8 mm, which is approximately the size of the OCT-determined macular diameter (6.0 mm). The background light subtended a visual angle of 45°, and additional background illumination outside the central 45° produced a homogeneous background for nearly the entire visual field. The luminances of the white stimulus light and background light were 29.46 and 2.89 cd/m2, respectively. Although this luminance of background light was not strong enough to suppress all the rod activity, we have shown that the fmERGs elicited by this method are generated mainly by the cone system, and the responses elicited by spot stimuli of 5 to 15° are local responses.42 43

A Burian-Allen bipolar contact lens electrode was used to record the fmERGs. This contact lens electrode system had low electrical noise and permitted a clear view of the fundus by the camera during the recordings. After the pupils were fully dilated with 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride, fmERGs were elicited by a flicker train consisting of a square waves presented at 5 Hz (100-ms on and 100-ms off). Then, a series of 512 responses were averaged in a single cycle by a signal processor. The time constant of the bioamplifier was set at 0.03 seconds with a 100-Hz high-cut filter to record the a- and b-waves.

The amplitude of the a-wave was measured from the baseline to the first negative trough, and the amplitude of b-wave was measured from the trough of the a-wave to the positive peak of the b-wave.

OCT Measurements
The morphology of the macula was evaluated by a high-resolution optical coherence tomograph (Stratus model 3000, software ver. 4.0.1; Carl Zeiss Meditec, AG, Oberkochen, Germany). After the patients’ pupils were fully dilated with 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine, the sum of the volume of the neural retina in the central 6 mm of the macula (total macular volume) was measured using six scans of 6 mm in a radial pattern intersecting at the fixation point.

It is known that the automatic fast macular thickness map (FMTM) protocol often fails to identify the outer borders of the neural retina, which can lead to recording of erroneous retinal thicknesses and volumes.47 Therefore, we used a program developed in our laboratory (Ishikawa K, et al. IOVS 2005;46:ARVO E-Abstract 1550),48 by which the total macular volume was measured more precisely than that calculated by the conventional FMTM system. In this program, the user was able to set 20 cursors above and below a selected area manually. The inner cursors were set on the internal limiting membrane (ILM), and the outer cursors were set on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)–choriocapillaris hyperreflective complex borderline. Another set of cursors was set on the fovea of the OCT images. Then, each OCT radial scan was analyzed as a retinal map, and the total macular volume was calculated precisely by our software.

Past studies with the Stratus OCT and ultrahigh-resolution OCT demonstrated that there are two well-defined, parallel, highly reflective lines (HRLs) in the outer retinal layer.49 50 It has been shown that the inner HRL corresponds to the photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction or the IS/OS line, and the outer HRL corresponds to the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris complex. To asses the relationship between the morphologic changes in the photoreceptor layer and the amplitude of the fmERGs, we classified the IS/OS line in patients with RP into three types: type 1, distinct IS/OS line longer than the central 2 mm; type 2, distinct IS/OS line only within the central 2 mm; and type 3, absence of IS/OS line within the central 6 mm (Fig. 1) . To perform this classification, we reviewed the six tomographic images of each eye on a gray scale with an alignment image protocol, because the IS/OS line is more clearly visible on gray-scale tomographic images.51 The classification was performed by TS in a masked manner.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1. The photoreceptor IS/OS junction line in the OCT image can be divided into three categories; type 1, distinct IS/OS line over central 2 mm; type 2, distinct IS/OS line only within central 2 mm; type 3, absent IS/OS line. Red lines: the length of the IS/OS line, which was detected on the gray-scale OCT image.

 
Statistical Analyses
The significance of the differences between the patients with RP and normal control subjects was determined by nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests. The correlations between the macular volume and the fmERG amplitudes were determined by the Spearman’s rank correlation. Differences in the amplitudes among the three groups (types 1, 2, and 3) based on the length of the IS/OS line were analyzed with the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Scheffé’s test, as the multiple comparison procedures. Differences and correlations were considered to be significant when P < 0.05.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Representative OCT images and fmERGs recorded from one normal subject and three patients with RP are shown in Figure 2 . The amplitudes of the fmERGs in case 1 were relatively well preserved, and the macular volume was within the normal range. The amplitudes of the fmERGs in case 2 were reduced, and the macular volume was close to the lower borderline of normal. The fmERGs in case 3 were nonrecordable, and the macular volume was severely reduced.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2. OCT images and fmERGs recorded from a normal subject and three representative patients with RP.

 
Box plots of the fmERG amplitudes (a- and b-waves) and total macular volume for 43 normal control subjects and 43 patients with RP are shown in Figure 3 . As expected, both the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of the fmERGs and the total macular volume in patients with RP were significantly smaller than those of normal subjects (P < 0.001).


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3. Box plots of the a- and b-waves of the fmERGs and total macular volume for normal controls and patients with RP. Line within the box indicates the median, the box the 25 and 75 percentiles, and the end of the error bars the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles.

 
Correlation between Amplitude of fmERG and Macular Volume
Because changes in the macular morphology should lead to functional changes,52 we investigated whether there was a correlation between the amplitude of fmERGs and the total macular volume in our 43 patients with RP. The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves for 43 patients with RP are plotted against the total macular volume in Figures 4A and 4B , respectively. For both graphs, the gray area shows the 2.5 to 97.5 percentiles of normal control subjects.


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4. Amplitudes of a- and b-waves plotted against total macular volume in 43 patients with RP. There is a weak but significant correlation between the fmERG amplitude and total macular volume. There were four patients with RP who had normal macular volume but severely reduced fmERG (patients 4–7). Shaded area: the 2.5 to 97.5 percentiles of total macular volume and mfERG amplitude in age-similar normal subjects.

 
A significant but weak correlation was found between the fmERG amplitude and total macular volume (a-wave, {rho} = 0.458, P < 0.01; b-wave, {rho} = 0.540, P < 0.01; Spearman’s rank correlation). One of the reasons for this relatively weak correlation between the fmERG amplitude and total macular volume was that there were four patients with RP who had normal macular volume but severely reduced fmERG (e.g., patients 4–7, Fig. 4 ). In contrast, there were no patients with RP who had normal a- and b-wave amplitudes with severely reduced macular volume. There were two patients with RP who had normal a-wave amplitude with reduced macular volume, but their macular volumes were still near the lower borderline of normal, and their b-wave amplitudes were lower than the normal range.

Correlation between fmERG and Length of IS/OS Line
We attempted to measure the thickness of each retinal layer (i.e., outer, middle, and inner retinal layers) separately, but found that it was very difficult to identify the border between these layers, especially in patients with relatively advanced stages of RP. The total macular volume is the sum of the volume of the neural retina in the central 6 mm of the retina and was used in the analyses. In addition, we used the length of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction (IS/OS line) as a measure of the structural integrity of the macular area.

The amplitudes of the fmERG for the three RP groups classified by the length of the IS/OS line are shown in the upper traces of Figure 5 (see also Fig. 1 ). The amplitudes of the fmERGs in type 1 patients with RP (distinct IS/OS line over the central 2 mm) were significantly larger than those in type 2 (distinct IS/OS line only in the central 2 mm) and type 1 (absent IS/OS line) patients with RP (P < 0.05). Nine (81%) of 11 patients with type 3 RP had nonrecordable fmERGs, whereas none with type 1 had nonrecordable fmERGs (Fig. 5 , bottom plot). These findings suggest that the patients with RP with longer IS/OS lines had larger fmERG amplitudes.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5. The (A) a- and (B) b-wave amplitudes of the fmERGs for patients with RP with the three types of IS/OS line configuration (see also Fig. 1 ). Top: The fmERG amplitudes in type 1 patients with RP were significantly larger than those in type 2 or 3 patients with RP. Bottom: histograms of the fmERG amplitude for three types of patients with RP.

 
However, we found that the correlation between the amplitude of the fmERGs and changes in the OCT image was weak, even when the integrity of the IS/OS line was used to separate the patients with RP into the three groups. The weak correlation was probably due to two factors: first, there was no statistically significant difference in the fmERG amplitude between types 2 and 3 (P = 0.07 for a-wave; P = 0.20 for b-wave); and second, there was a large variation in the amplitudes of the fmERGs in type 1 and some patients had severely reduced amplitudes (Fig. 5 , bottom plot).

Patients with RP with Normal Macular Volume but Severely Reduced fmERGs
Finally, we wanted to investigate whether the IS/OS line was preserved in our four patients with normal macular volume and severely reduced fmERG amplitudes (Fig. 4) . We expected that even though the total macular volume was within the normal range, these patients may have had a very short IS/OS line, which may be the reason for severely reduced mfERG. The gray-scale OCT images and the waveforms of fmERG in four patients with RP who had normal macular volume and severely reduced fmERG amplitude (patients 4–7) are shown in Figure 6 . Against our expectations, the length of IS/OS line was relatively well-preserved (>4 mm) for these four patients, and was more than 5 mm for three patients (patients 4, 5, and 7). These results indicated that there are some patients with RP whose total macular volume and the length of IS/OS line were relatively well preserved in the macular area, but their electrophysiological function within this area was severely affected.


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6. Gray-scale OCT images and fmERGs recorded in four patients with RP who had normal macular volume but severely reduced fmERG (see also Fig. 4 ). Red lines: the length of detectable IS/OS lines on the gray-scale OCT images. The amplitudes of fmERGs were severely reduced in all four patients, but the length of the IS/OS line was more than 4 mm in all patients and was more than 5 mm in three of five patients.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Our results demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of the fmERG and the total macular volume in our 43 patients with RP. These results were not surprising because the gradual thinning of the retina caused by the shortening of outer segments and the loss of photoreceptors should result in the reduction of the fmERG amplitude in the retina of patients with RP. The results of an earlier study on the correlation between the retinal histopathology and ERG findings in an animal model of RP support this idea.52

Although there was a significant correlation between the amplitude of the fmERG and total macular volume, the degree of correlation was weak: the coefficient of correlation ({rho}) was only 0.46 for the a-wave, and 0.54 for the b-wave. One of the major reasons for this weak correlation was that there were four patients with RP who had normal macular volume but severely reduced fmERG amplitudes (Fig. 4) . In contrast, there were no patients with RP who had normal fmERG amplitude but severely reduced total macular volume. These results indicate that a normal total macular volume does not guarantee normal electrophysiological function of the macula in patients with RP.

We initially reasoned that the weak correlation might be because we used total macular volume as a measure of macular structure. It is well known that the early histopathologic changes in eyes of patients with RP were mainly a shortening or distortion of the rod and cone photoreceptors.6 7 8 Thus, we next investigated whether the structural integrity of the IS/OS junction (i.e., the length of the IS/OS line) correlated with the amplitude of the fmERG. As shown, the length of the IS/OS line generally correlated with the fmERG amplitude. However, the correlation between the length of IS/OS line and the fmERG amplitude was also weak. Careful examinations of the OCT images and fmERG records in individual patients with RP showed that there were four patients with RP who had normal macular volume and a relatively long IS/OS line, but severely reduced fmERG amplitudes (Fig. 6) . Of interest, three of these four patients had a detectable IS/OS line longer than 5 mm. These results indicated that there are some patients with RP whose macular OCT images are relatively well preserved, but their electrophysiological functions are severely reduced.

The exact reason that some patients with RP had a preserved macular OCT image but severely reduced fmERG was not determined. There are two possibilities: First, these patients may have very subtle structural changes, but our OCT system (third-generation Stratus OCT) may not have detected the changes. For example, using ultrahigh-resolution OCT, Witkin et al.30 measured the distance between the IS/OS line and the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium thickness (called FOSPET), and demonstrated an excellent correlation between visual acuity and FOSPET in nine patients with RP. In our study, we were able to measure the length of the IS/OS line, but could not obtain reliable measurements of FOSPET in our OCT images. New-generation, high-resolution OCT instruments may enable us to make these measurements.

A second possibility is that the functional abnormality may precede structural changes in the macula of some patients with RP. It was recently demonstrated that some patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), the most common inherited cause of blindness in childhood, can retain the cone photoreceptors and inner retinal architecture in the central retina, but have severely reduced central vision at a relatively early stage of the disease.29 31 If this second possibility is correct, the combined assessment of macular structure by OCT and macular function by psychophysics or electrophysiology can provide important information on the macula of patients with RP.

There are some limitations in our study. First, we planned to measure the volume of the inner, middle, and outer retinal layers separately and wanted to examine the correlation between the volumes in each layer and the fmERG amplitude. This comparison was possible in normal subjects, but was difficult in patients with RP with severely reduced macular thickness. Recent advances in new ultrahigh-resolution OCT technique may enable analysis of the thickness of each retinal layer, and this will allow us to investigate the changes in each retinal layer after photoreceptor degenerations. Second, we investigated the correlation of macular volume with the fmERG amplitude, but did not study the correlation with the implicit time, because there were many patients with RP whose amplitude of fmERG was so reduced that the implicit time could not be measured precisely. However, the correlation between the implicit time and OCT images may be interesting, because the results of past studies have shown that the delay in the implicit time of focal ERGs can be another important indicator of functional changes in the macula area of patients with RP.14 15 16 17 18 19 Third, we did not record the OCT and mfERGs from the same patient at different time points, and thus cannot examine the longitudinal progression of the changes in patients with RP.

In conclusion, we studied the correlation between the fmERG amplitude and macular structure by OCT and found that there was a significant correlation between these two measures, but the degree of correlation was weak. One major reason for this low correlation was the presence of some patients with RP who had well-preserved macular OCT images but severely reduced fmERGs. Although the exact mechanism for this discrepancy needs further investigation, we believe that the combined examination of macular structure by OCT and macular function by fmERG can provide important information on the pathophysiology, prognosis, and future treatments in patients with RP.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by Grants-in Aid 18591913 (MK), 19500416 (YI), and 18390466 (HT) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

Submitted for publication February 29, 2008; revised April 13, 2008; accepted June 16, 2008.

Disclosure: T. Sugita, None; M. Kondo, None; C.-H. Piao, None, Y. Ito, None; H. Terasaki, None

The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Corresponding author: Mineo Kondo, Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; kondomi{at}med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.


   References
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 Abstract
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 Discussion
 References
 

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S. G. Jacobson, A. J. Roman, T. S. Aleman, A. Sumaroka, W. Herrera, E. A. M. Windsor, L. A. Atkinson, S. B. Schwartz, J. D. Steinberg, and A. V. Cideciyan
Normal Central Retinal Function and Structure Preserved in Retinitis Pigmentosa
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2010; 51(2): 1079 - 1085.
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