Clinical Trials:

Scott H. Greenwald, Alan Horsager, Mark S. Humayun, Robert J. Greenberg, Matthew J. McMahon, and Ione Fine

Brightness as a Function of Current Amplitude in Human Retinal Electrical Stimulation
2009 50: 5017-5025. First Published on July 15 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2897.
With the goal of eventually restoring functional vision in patients with retinal degenerative diseases, the authors chronically implanted blind human subjects with a prototype epiretinal prosthesis. Apparent brightness for a range of electrical amplitudes was measured, using both subjective magnitude rating and brightness matching procedures. The results suggest that a relatively simple model for scaling current across electrodes may be capable of producing equivalently bright phosphenes across an entire array.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Anatomy and Pathology:

Jonathan M. Skarie and Brian A. Link

FoxC1 Is Essential for Vascular Basement Membrane Integrity and Hyaloid Vessel Morphogenesis
2009 50: 5026-5034. First Published on May 20 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3447.
In humans, FOXC1 mutations result in anterior segment dysgenesis and predisposition to glaucoma. Loss-of-function studies in zebrafish show that foxC1 is required not only for differentiation of periocular mesenchyme, but also for several aspects of vascular development and that it genetically interacts with laminin -1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Sean Boley, Jennifer L. Sloan, Alexander Pemov, and Douglas R. Stewart

A Quantitative Assessment of the Burden and Distribution of Lisch Nodules in Adults with Neurofibromatosis Type 1
2009 50: 5035-5043. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3650.
The authors mapped the Lisch nodule burden in 77 adults with neurofibromatosis type 1. Lisch nodules were primarily located in the inferior hemifield of the iris (P = 3.0 x 10^–20). Light irides harbored more Lisch nodules than dark irides (P = 4.8 x 10^–5). The authors argue that Lisch nodules should be termed "benign tumors of the iris," not "hamartomas."
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Supplementary Figure  

Berit Byström, Sergio Carracedo, Anders Behndig, Donald Gullberg, and Fatima Pedrosa-Domellöf

11 Integrin in the Human Cornea: Importance in Development and Disease
2009 50: 5044-5053. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3261.
The presence of the 11 integrin chain during early corneal development and the enhanced expression in scarred keratoconus corneas indicates that this integrin chain is likely to play an important role in collagen deposition during corneal development and in keratoconus with a scarring component and compromised basement membrane integrity.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Yoram Cohen, Efrat Merhavi-Shoham, Bat Chen R. Avraham-Lubin, Michael Savetsky, Shahar Frenkel, Jacob Pe'er, and Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen

PI3K/Akt Pathway Mutations in Retinoblastoma
2009 50: 5054-5056. First Published on May 6 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3617.
A somatic mutation in the AKT1 gene (E17K) was identified recently in human tumors. The authors found that oncogenic E17K AKT1 mutations are rare in retinoblastoma. Although the PI3K-AKT pathway is dysregulated in retinoblastoma, the low frequency of oncogenic mutations in the AKT1, PIK3CA, and PTEN genes suggests a different activating mechanism.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Earl L. Smith, III, Juan Huang, Li-Fang Hung, Terry L. Blasdel, Tammy L. Humbird, and Kurt H. Bockhorst

Hemiretinal Form Deprivation: Evidence for Local Control of Eye Growth and Refractive Development in Infant Monkeys
2009 50: 5057-5069. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3232.
Hemiretinal form deprivation produces localized axial myopia in infant monkeys, demonstrating that the effects of vision on refractive development in primates are mediated by local retinal mechanisms.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology:

Katharina E. Schmid-Kubista, Nirubol Tosakulwong, Yanhong Wu, Euijung Ryu, Laura A. Hecker, Keith H. Baratz, William L. Brown, and Albert O. Edwards

Contribution of Copy Number Variation in the Regulation of Complement Activation Locus to Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
2009 50: 5070-5079. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3975.
In this study, both deletions and duplications of genes in the regulation of complement activation locus segregated in Caucasians. Deletion of CFHR3 and CFHR1 protected against the development of AMD, at least in part because the deletion tagged a protective haplotype and did not occur on the risk haplotype.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Yongqing Liu, Fei Ye, Qiutang Li, Shigeo Tamiya, Douglas S. Darling, Henry J. Kaplan, and Douglas C. Dean

Zeb1 Represses Mitf and Regulates Pigment Synthesis, Cell Proliferation, and Epithelial Morphology
2009 50: 5080-5088. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2911.
Characterization of an epithelial-mesenchymal transcription factor whose overexpression drives RPE dedifferentiation.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Supplementary Files  

Krysten M. Farjo, Gennadiy Moiseyev, Yusuke Takahashi, Rosalie K. Crouch, and Jian-xing Ma

The 11-cis-Retinol Dehydrogenase Activity of RDH10 and Its Interaction with Visual Cycle Proteins
2009 50: 5089-5097. First Published on May 20 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3797.
This study shows that RDH10, an enzyme expressed in the RPE and retinal Müller cells, generates 11-cis-retinal from CRALBP-bound 11-cis-retinol. Further, enzymatic activity assays and co-precipitation assays showed that RDH10 physically associates with RPE65 and CRALBP. These results suggest that RDH10 is a visual cycle enzyme.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Supplementary Figures  

Sonia Samtani, Juan Amaral, Maria M. Campos, Robert N. Fariss, and S. Patricia Becerra

Doxycycline-Mediated Inhibition of Choroidal Neovascularization
2009 50: 5098-5106. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3174.
Doxycycline effectively hampers the progression of experimental CNV, increases PEDF levels, and inhibits MMP-2, MMP-9, and gelatinolytic activities in situ. The results suggest that orally administrated doxycycline can reach the choroid to attenuate proteolytic enzymes that remodel Bruch's membrane and promote antiangiogenic PEDF to prevent neovascularization.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Supplementary Figures and Methods  

Esther Pomares, Marina Riera, Joaquín Castro-Navarro, Ángeles Andrés-Gutiérrez, Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte, and Gemma Marfany

Identification of an Intronic Single-Point Mutation in RP2 as the Cause of Semidominant X-linked Retinitis Pigmentosa
2009 50: 5107-5114. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3208.
An intronic point mutation in RP2 causes X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) by producing exon skipping in transcript maturation. Some carrier females were affected, indicating that RP2 joins RPGR as the cause for semidominant XLRP.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Clinical and Epidemiologic Research:

Francis Carbonaro, Toby Andrew, David A. Mackey, Terri L. Young, Tim D. Spector, and Christopher J. Hammond

Repeated Measures of Intraocular Pressure Result in Higher Heritability and Greater Power in Genetic Linkage Studies
2009 50: 5115-5119. First Published on May 6 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3577.
Using the mean of the results of more than one reading reduces the measurement error and hence increases the heritability estimate.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Peter M. Allen, Hema Radhakrishnan, Sheila Rae, Richard I. Calver, Baskar Pitty Theagarayan, Paul Nelson, Ebi Osuobeni, Ananth Sailoganathan, Holly Price, and Daniel J. O'Leary

Aberration Control and Vision Training as an Effective Means of Improving Accommodation in Individuals with Myopia
2009 50: 5120-5129. First Published on July 30 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2865.
This study demonstrates that static accommodative responses to targets at proximal distances were improved by the altered spherical aberration contact lenses and rates of dynamic accommodation improved with vision training.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Mingguang He, Wenyong Huang, Yuetao Li, Yingfeng Zheng, Qiuxia Yin, and Paul J. Foster

Refractive Error and Biometry in Older Chinese Adults: The Liwan Eye Study
2009 50: 5130-5136. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3455.
This study reports the prevalence of refractive error and the distribution of biometric parameters in an urban Chinese population. The authors compare their findings with existing data.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Alex R. Bowers, Aaron J. Mandel, Robert B. Goldstein, and Eli Peli

Driving with Hemianopia, I: Detection Performance in a Driving Simulator
2009 50: 5137-5147. First Published on July 15 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3799.
Within the controlled environment of a driving simulator, blind-side detection rates of drivers with hemianopia were found to range from 6% to 100% on a realistic pedestrian-detection task. Most of the participants showed poor compensation for their hemifield loss and had detection rates that seem incompatible with safe driving.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Cornea:

Xiaoyin He and Jun Liu

A Quantitative Ultrasonic Spectroscopy Method for Noninvasive Determination of Corneal Biomechanical Properties
2009 50: 5148-5154. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3439.
A novel ultrasound method for noninvasive measurement of the biomechanical properties of the cornea was validated in this study.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Stefano De Cillà, Stefano Ranno, Elisa Carini, Paolo Fogagnolo, Gaia Ceresara, Nicola Orzalesi, and Luca M. Rossetti

Corneal Subbasal Nerves Changes in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy: An In Vivo Confocal Study
2009 50: 5155-5158. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3384.
This is the first study to show, by means of laser confocal microscopy, morphologic changes in the subbasal nerves plexus in diabetic patients after panretinal photocoagulation.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Mohammad Abahussin, Sally Hayes, Nathaniel E. Knox Cartwright, Christina S. Kamma-Lorger, Yasir Khan, John Marshall, and Keith M. Meek

3D Collagen Orientation Study of the Human Cornea Using X-ray Diffraction and Femtosecond Laser Technology
2009 50: 5159-5164. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3669.
X-ray scattering was used to determine the predominant orientation and distribution of collagen at different tissue depths throughout the entire human cornea. This information will help improve understanding of the biomechanical properties of the cornea.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Tor P. Utheim, Sten Raeder, Ole K. Olstad, Øygunn A. Utheim, Maria de La Paz, Robert Cheng, Trang T. Huynh, Edward Messelt, Borghild Roald, and Torstein Lyberg

Comparison of the Histology, Gene Expression Profile, and Phenotype of Cultured Human Limbal Epithelial Cells from Different Limbal Regions
2009 50: 5165-5172. First Published on July 2 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2884.
This study is the first to compare the histology, gene expression profile, and phenotype of cultured limbal epithelial cells from different limbal regions. Explants of superior origin demonstrated the highest outgrowth success rate and generated epithelia with greater thickness and number of cell layers, which may prove beneficial for transplantation purposes.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Janos Feher, Illes Kovacs, Elena Pacella, Sandor Keresz, Natascia Spagnardi, and Corrado Balacco Gabrieli

Pigment Epithelium–Derived Factor (PEDF) Attenuated Capsaicin-Induced Neurotrophic Keratouveitis
2009 50: 5173-5180. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1852.
This experimental study showed neuroprotective and antiangiogenic effect of PEDF in capsaicin-induced keratouveitis.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Takeshi Tominaga, Dai Miyazaki, Shin-ichi Sasaki, Sachiko Mihara, Naoki Komatsu, Keiko Yakura, and Yoshitsugu Inoue

Blocking Mast Cell–Mediated Type I Hypersensitivity in Experimental Allergic Conjunctivitis by Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1/CCR2
2009 50: 5181-5188. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3637.
Stimulation of the co-stimulatory axis of CCR2 by MCP-1 is required for mast cell–mediated experimental allergic conjunctivitis.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Supplementary Table  

Eye Movements, Strabismus, Amblyopia, and Neuro-Ophthalmology:

Marco Piccirelli, Roger Luechinger, Veit Sturm, Peter Boesiger, Klara Landau, and Oliver Bergamin

Local Deformation of Extraocular Muscles during Eye Movement
2009 50: 5189-5196. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3182.
Motion-encoded MRI, a noninvasive imaging technique, was used to show the contraction and elongation of horizontal extraocular muscles while the eye was moving. For a more detailed understanding of extraocular muscle physiology, deformation profiles of healthy subjects and two patients with Duane's syndrome type I are provided.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Gema Rebolleda and Francisco J. Muñoz-Negrete

Follow-up of Mild Papilledema in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension with Optical Coherence Tomography
2009 50: 5197-5200. First Published on November 14 2008 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2528.
Peripapillary RNFL thickness abnormalities assessed by OCT in patients with mild papilledema were quantitatively correlated with visual field sensitivity losses. OCT could be useful for monitoring retinal nerve fiber layer loss in mild papilledema.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Nagini Sarvananthan, Mylvaganam Surendran, Eryl O. Roberts, Sunila Jain, Shery Thomas, Nitant Shah, Frank A. Proudlock, John R. Thompson, Rebecca J. McLean, Christopher Degg, Geoffrey Woodruff, and Irene Gottlob

The Prevalence of Nystagmus: The Leicestershire Nystagmus Survey
2009 50: 5201-5206. First Published on May 20 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3486.
The prevalence of nystagmus within the general population is unknown. This paper provides an epidemiological study into the prevalence and clinical spectrum of nystagmus within a specific population.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Karoline Spang and Manfred Fahle

Impaired Temporal, Not Just Spatial, Resolution in Amblyopia
2009 50: 5207-5212. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.07-1604.
The results show that amblyopia strongly deteriorates temporal precision of visual perception for specific tasks, not just spatial vision.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Darren T. Oystreck, Arif O. Khan, Antonio Aguirre Vila-Coro, Olugbemisola Oworu, Nada Al-Tassan, Wai-Man Chan, Elizabeth C. Engle, and Thomas M. Bosley

Synergistic Divergence: A Distinct Ocular Motility Dysinnervation Pattern
2009 50: 5213-5216. First Published on July 2 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2928.
Synergistic divergence is a distinct congenital strabismus pattern in which the affected eye abducts when it should adduct. It is probably due to denervation of the medial rectus associated with dysinnervation of the ispilateral lateral rectus, and it is not always due to currently recognized genetic causes of congenital strabismus.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Glaucoma:

Zhongqiu Li, Tine Van Bergen, Sara Van de Veire, Isabelle Van de Vel, Huberte Moreau, Mieke Dewerchin, Prabhat C. Maudgal, Thierry Zeyen, Werner Spileers, Lieve Moons, and Ingeborg Stalmans

Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Reduces Scar Formation after Glaucoma Filtration Surgery
2009 50: 5217-5225. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2662.
This paper sheds new light on the role of VEGF in scar formation after trabeculectomy. It also demonstrates possible treatment effects targeting VEGF in glaucoma filtration surgery in a rabbit model.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Michaël J. A. Girard, J.-K. Francis Suh, Michael Bottlang, Claude F. Burgoyne, and J. Crawford Downs

Scleral Biomechanics in the Aging Monkey Eye
2009 50: 5226-5237. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3363.
Using newly developed experimental and computational methods, the authors report significant age-related changes in the nonlinear, anisotropic, inhomogeneous biomechanical properties of monkey posterior sclera and discuss their relevance to glaucoma.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Ginger M. Pocock, Roberto G. Aranibar, Nate J. Kemp, Charles S. Specht, Mia K. Markey, and H. Grady Rylander, III

The Relationship between Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Constituents and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Birefringence in the Primate
2009 50: 5238-5246. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3263.
This study presents results that support the hypothesis that retinal ganglion cell axon neurotubules are the primary source of birefringence in the retinal nerve fiber layer of the primate.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Sveinn Hakon Hardarson, Maria Soffia Gottfredsdottir, Gisli Hreinn Halldorsson, Robert Arnar Karlsson, Jon Atli Benediktsson, Thor Eysteinsson, James M. Beach, Alon Harris, and Einar Stefansson

Glaucoma Filtration Surgery and Retinal Oxygen Saturation
2009 50: 5247-5250. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3117.
Small changes were observed in retinal vessel oxygen saturation after glaucoma filtration surgery. These changes may indicate increased oxygen delivery if increased blood flow is assumed.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Alberto Izzotti, Sergio C. Saccà, Mariagrazia Longobardi, and Cristina Cartiglia

Sensitivity of Ocular Anterior Chamber Tissues to Oxidative Damage and Its Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma
2009 50: 5251-5258. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3871.
The common denominator of frequent human ocular diseases (glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration) is the involvement of free radicals. This study evaluates the susceptibility to oxidative stress of anterior chamber components providing evidence that trabecular meshwork is the most sensitive tissue.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Yen Hoong Ooi, Dong-Jin Oh, and Douglas J. Rhee

Effect of Bimatoprost, Latanoprost, and Unoprostone on Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Ciliary Body Smooth Muscle Cells
2009 50: 5259-5265. First Published on May 14 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3356.
With the prostaglandin analogues bimatoprost, latanoprost, and unoprostone, the MMP/TIMP balance in ciliary body smooth muscle cells correlates to their observed clinical effectiveness in lowering intraocular pressure. The results in this study indicate that a differential effect on TIMPs may relate to the different clinical effectiveness of unoprostone.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Kyung Rim Sung, Suhwan Lee, Seong Bae Park, Jaewan Choi, Soon Tae Kim, Sung-Cheol Yun, Sung Yong Kang, Jung Woo Cho, and Michael S. Kook

Twenty-four Hour Ocular Perfusion Pressure Fluctuation and Risk of Normal-Tension Glaucoma Progression
2009 50: 5266-5274. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3716.
Ocular perfusion pressure fluctuation was associated with visual field progression in our series of medically treated eyes with normal-tension glaucoma. This finding may suggest a chronic ischemic role in glaucoma progression.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Leonieke M. E. van Koolwijk, Paul R. Healey, Roger A. Hitchings, Paul Mitchell, Pak C. Sham, Peter McGuffin, and Ananth C. Viswanathan

Major Genetic Effects in Glaucoma: Commingling Analysis of Optic Disc Parameters in an Older Australian Population
2009 50: 5275-5280. First Published on May 20 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3065.
Findings from this study are consistent with the presence of a major gene in the determination of vertical cup-to-disc ratio. The results suggest methods of optimizing strategies for gene-finding studies in glaucoma.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Tae Tsutsumi, Atsuo Tomidokoro, Hitomi Saito, Akihiro Hashizume, Aiko Iwase, and Makoto Araie

Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy in High Myopic Eyes in a Population-Based Setting
2009 50: 5281-5287. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3301.
The discs in high myopia are more oval with smaller cups and higher rim and retinal nerve fiber layer parameters measured by HRT II compared with those in age-matched emmetropic eyes in a populationbased study.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Rouzbeh Amini and Victor H. Barocas

Anterior Chamber Angle Opening during Corneoscleral Indentation: The Mechanism of Whole Eye Globe Deformation and the Importance of the Limbus
2009 50: 5288-5294. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2890.
The mechanism by which the anterior chamber angle changes during corneoscleral indentation is studied in a computational model.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Immunology and Microbiology:

Eric G. Romanowski, Kathleen A. Yates, and Y. Jerold Gordon

The In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of ddC as a Topical Antiviral for Ocular Adenovirus Infections
2009 50: 5295-5299. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3286.
2',3'-Dideoxycytidine (ddC) represents a new candidate antiviral for the treatment of adenoviral ocular infections. The goals of the present study were to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ddC against adenovirus.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

David Valter Pereira, Amanda Valnier Steckert, Franciele Mina, Fabricia Petronilho, Rafael Roesler, Gilberto Schwartsmann, Cristiane Ritter, and Felipe Dal-Pizzol

Effects of an Antagonist of the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor in an Animal Model of Uveitis
2009 50: 5300-5303. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3525.
The authors demonstrated that gastrin-releasing peptide plays a pivotal role in acute ocular inflammation, thus making it a target for therapeutic applications.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Susanne Wasmuth, Katharina Lueck, Hanna Baehler, Albrecht Lommatzsch, and Daniel Pauleikhoff

Increased Vitronectin Production by Complement-Stimulated Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
2009 50: 5304-5309. First Published on April 30 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3326.
This experimental work shows that RPE cells produce vitronectin in an enhanced amount after stimulation with human complement serum. This may explain how complement activation can contribute to AMD.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Valerie P. J. Saw, Robin J. C. Dart, Grazyna Galatowicz, Julie T. Daniels, John K. G. Dart, and Virginia L. Calder

Tumor Necrosis Factor- in Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and Its Effect on Conjunctival Fibroblasts
2009 50: 5310-5317. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3345.
This paper shows that TNF is expressed in the conjunctiva in mucous membrane pemphigoid and may play a profibrotic role in this disease. These findings are important, in that they provide a scientific rationale for using systemic TNF antagonists in recalcitrant disease and also indicate a potential role for TNF antagonists in antifibrosistherapy.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Lens:

Lucy Jean Dawes, Matthew Alexander Sleeman, Ian Keith Anderson, John R. Reddan, and Ian Michael Wormstone

TGFβ/Smad4-Dependent and -Independent Regulation of Human Lens Epithelial Cells
2009 50: 5318-5327. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3223.
Elucidating the role of Smad-dependent and -independent TGFβ signaling will advance the understanding of fibrotic disorders including posterior capsule opacification following cataract surgery. In the current study, the authors show that Smad4 is critical in cell transdifferentiation, but is not essential for TGFβ2-induced matrix contraction.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Physiology and Pharmacology:

Fabrizio Giansanti, Matteo Ramazzotti, Matteo Giuntoli, Gianni Virgili, Lorenzo Vannozzi, Donatella Degl'Innocenti, and Ugo Menchini

Intravitreal Infliximab Clearance in a Rabbit Model: Different Sampling Methods and Assay Techniques
2009 50: 5328-5335. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3569.
This work characterizes the clearance of intravitreal infliximab with the use of different immunoassay techniques and sampling methods.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Björn Lundberg and Anders Behndig

The Mydriatic Effect of Intracameral Epinine Hydrochloride
2009 50: 5336-5338. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3651.
Epinine was a more potent intracameral mydriatic than phenylephrine in this porcine eye model, and is a promising candidate substance for intraoperative intracameral use in humans.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Ian Pitha-Rowe, Karen Liby, Darlene Royce, and Michael Sporn

Synthetic Triterpenoids Attenuate Cytotoxic Retinal Injury: Cross-talk between Nrf2 and PI3K/AKT Signaling through Inhibition of the Lipid Phosphatase PTEN
2009 50: 5339-5347. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3648.
The triterpenoid derivatives CDDO-Im, CDDO-EA, and CDDO-TFEA are potent activators of Nrf2 signaling and confer cytoprotection from oxidant-induced cell death. One mechanism of triterpenoid-mediated cytoprotection involves inhibition of the lipid phosphatase PTEN.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Supplementary Figures  

Regan Ashby, Arne Ohlendorf, and Frank Schaeffel

The Effect of Ambient Illuminance on the Development of Deprivation Myopia in Chicks
2009 50: 5348-5354. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3419.
This study describes the ability of high light levels to retard the development of form-deprivation myopia in chickens and supports the hypothesis of recent epidemiologic studies that time spent outdoors can protect against the development of school-age myopia.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Retina:

William A. Beltran, Heather G. Allore, Elizabeth Johnson, Virginia Towle, Weng Tao, Gregory M. Acland, Gustavo D. Aguirre, and Caroline J. Zeiss

CREB1/ATF1 Activation in Photoreceptor Degeneration and Protection
2009 50: 5355-5363. First Published on July 30 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3741.
The CREB1/ATF1 pathway is activated in canine and human rods and cones undergoing degeneration. The pathway is also activated by exposure to the neuroprotective agent CNTF. These data suggest that CREB1/ATF1 contributes to an innate protective response and is of potential therapeutic value in the treatment of RP and AMD.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Supplementary Figure  

Charanjit Kaur, Viswanathan Sivakumar, Wallace S. Foulds, Chi D. Luu, and Eng-Ang Ling

Cellular and Vascular Changes in the Retina of Neonatal Rats after an Acute Exposure to Hypoxia
2009 50: 5364-5374. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3552.
This study describes the changes in neurons and Müller cells of the neonatal retina in response to exposure to hypoxia. The vascular permeability and the therapeutic potential of melatonin in reversing the hypoxic damage were also investigated. Literature on the effects of primary hypoxia on the structure of the developing neonatal retina is scanty.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Camasamudram Vijayasarathy, Lucia Ziccardi, Yong Zeng, Nizar Smaoui, Rafael C. Caruso, and Paul A. Sieving

Null Retinoschisin-Protein Expression from an RS1 c354del1-ins18 Mutation Causing Progressive and Severe XLRS in a Cross-Sectional Family Study
2009 50: 5375-5383. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3839.
The c354del1-ins18 mutation causes an RS1-null biochemical phenotype and gives a progressive clinical phenotype leading to macular atrophy and marked ERG changes. The phenotypic heterogeneity of this mutation with age argues that XLRS is not a stationary disease and raises questions regarding factors involved in progression.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Hui Zhao, Huiyi Jin, Qian Li, Qing Gu, Zhi Zheng, Haixiang Wu, Siwei Ye, Xiaodong Sun, Xun Xu, and Patrick C. P. Ho

Inhibition of Pathologic Retinal Neovascularization by a Small Peptide Derived from Human Apolipoprotein(a)
2009 50: 5384-5395. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3163.
In the present research, the authors evaluated the inhibitory effect of KV11, a novel small peptide against pathologic retinal neovascularization and its penetration properties and possible toxicity to the retina. It is hoped that the findings of this study will support the potential use of peptides as agents for treatment of neovascular eye disorders.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Stefanie J. Kirwin, Suzanne T. Kanaly, Noelle A. Linke, and Jeffrey L. Edelman

Strain-Dependent Increases in Retinal Inflammatory Proteins and Photoreceptor FGF-2 Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
2009 50: 5396-5404. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3474.
The present study compares the expression of more than 50 inflammatory molecules and growth factors in the retina of diabetic rats of three different strains. The results indicate a highly strain-dependent response, with inflammatory changes in Sprague-Dawley, but not in Long-Evans or Brown Norway, rats.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Praveen J. Patel, Andrew C. Browning, Fred K. Chen, Lyndon Da Cruz, and Adnan Tufail

Interobserver Agreement for the Detection of Optical Coherence Tomography Features of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
2009 50: 5405-5410. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3505.
OCT interpretation is a central part of the assessment of the patient with neovascular AMD. This study reports the interobserver agreement for OCT features of neovascular AMD in a clinical setting.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Hideto Koso, Chiharu Minami, Yoko Tabata, Mariko Inoue, Erika Sasaki, Shinya Satoh, and Sumiko Watanabe

CD73, a Novel Cell Surface Antigen That Characterizes Retinal Photoreceptor Precursor Cells
2009 50: 5411-5418. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3246.
CD73 was found to mark cone/rod common precursors and mature rod cells in mice, and mature rod cells in marmoset. It provides a useful tool to purify photoreceptor cells for transplantation aimed at the regeneration of photoreceptors.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Martin Michaelis, Janina Geiler, Denise Klassert, Hans Wilhelm Doerr, and Jindrich Cinatl, Jr

Infection of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with Influenza A Viruses
2009 50: 5419-5425. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3752.
Ocular involvement is common in influenza virus infection in humans but severe complications of the posterior eye including atrophia of the retina are rare and probably are limited to CNS-tropic influenza viruses. In this report, influenza A virus replication was studied for the first time in a relevant cell type derived from the retina (primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells), and the results indicate that H5N1 viruses have a greater potential to replicate in these cells than seasonal H3N2 or H1N1 influenza A viruses.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Frédéric Gaillard, Sharee Kuny, and Yves Sauvé

Topographic Arrangement of S-cone Photoreceptors in the Retina of the Diurnal Nile Grass Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus)
2009 50: 5426-5434. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3896.
The results regarding the organization of the cone photoreceptors in the retina of the diurnal rodent A. niloticus show for the first time that this retina represents a highly pertinent model that will improve understanding of the pathologic course of and related therapy for retinal diseases involving cones.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Akiko Maeda, Marcin Golczak, Tadao Maeda, and Krzysztof Palczewski

Limited Roles of Rdh8, Rdh12, and Abca4 in all-trans-Retinal Clearance in Mouse Retina
2009 50: 5435-5443. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3944.
The experimental results for genetically engineered mice lacking Rdh8, Rdh12, and Abca4, either singly or in various combinations, along with in vitro findings indicate an important role for all-trans-retinal in the pathogenesis of retinal degeneration. This study also provides new evidence that all-trans-retinal's condensation products, including A2E and RALdi, are surrogate markers for delayed clearance of all-trans-retinal. The results of this study support the hypothesis that all-trans-retinal is a key contributor to retinal degeneration induced by light.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Norman P. Blair, Justin M. Wanek, Marek Mori, and Mahnaz Shahidi

Abnormal Retinal Vascular Oxygen Tension Response to Light Flicker in Diabetic Rats
2009 50: 5444-5448. First Published on June 24 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3465.
The authors found that diabetic rats lack the flicker-induced increase in arterial PO₂ and oxygen saturation and also the arterial-venous difference in PO₂ and oxygen saturation observed in normal rats. The best explanation appears to be that diabetes impairs the increase in oxygen consumption normally provoked by light flicker.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Retinal Cell Biology:

Sudipto Mukherjee, Jeffery L. King, and Clyde Guidry

Phenotype-Associated Changes in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins
2009 50: 5449-5455. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3383.
Changes in RPE phenotype are accompanied by dramatic changes in insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) expression profile. IGFBP-5 appears to be the predominant binding protein expressed by myofibroblastic RPE cells.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Melinda Fitzgerald, Sophie C. Payne, Carole A. Bartlett, Lauren Evill, Alan R. Harvey, and Sarah A. Dunlop

Secondary Retinal Ganglion Cell Death and the Neuroprotective Effects of the Calcium Channel Blocker Lomerizine
2009 50: 5456-5462. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3717.
The authors define the nature and location of secondary retinal ganglion cell death after partial transection of the optic nerve. They also demonstrate that with time the CNS-specific calcium channel blocker lomerizine had differential neuroprotective effects on necrotic and apoptotic death.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Bryan L. Krock, Ishara Mills-Henry, and Brian D. Perkins

Retrograde Intraflagellar Transport by Cytoplasmic Dynein-2 Is Required for Outer Segment Extension in Vertebrate Photoreceptors but Not Arrestin Translocation
2009 50: 5463-5471. First Published on May 27 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3828.
The role of active retrograde intraflagellar transport remains unexplored in vertebrate photoreceptors. Morpholino knockdown of cytoplasmic dynein-2 in zebrafish resulted in defects in photoreceptor connecting cilia and outer segments as well as reduced ERG light responses.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Tat Fong Ng, Bruce Turpie, and Sharmila Masli

Thrombospondin-1–Mediated Regulation of Microglia Activation after Retinal Injury
2009 50: 5472-5478. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2877.
Microglia are capable of producing detrimental proinflammatory factors as well as regenerative neurotrophic factors. Factors that regulate these distinct functional phenotypes of microglia still remain unclear. In this paper, the authors introduce thrombospondin-1 as a potential regulator of microglia activation.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Susan E. Yanni, Joshua M. Barnett, Monika L. Clark, and John S. Penn

The Role of PGE₂ Receptor EP₄ in Pathologic Ocular Angiogenesis
2009 50: 5479-5486. First Published on June 3 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3652.
Based on its in vitro and in vivo efficacy profile, the PGE₂ receptor EP₄ shows significant promise as an angiostatic therapy for neovascular diseases of the eye.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Caio V. Regatieri, Juliana L. Dreyfuss, Gustavo B. Melo, Daniel Lavinsky, Michel E. Farah, and Helena B. Nader

Dual Role of Intravitreous Infliximab in Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization: Effect on the Expression of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans
2009 50: 5487-5494. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3171.
In low doses infliximab reduces angiogenesis and glycosaminoglycan expression, whereas in high doses opposite effects were observed.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Claudia S. Alge-Priglinger, Thomas Kreutzer, Katja Obholzer, Armin Wolf, Martin Mempel, Marcus Kernt, Anselm Kampik, and Siegfried G. Priglinger

Oxidative Stress-Mediated Induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in Human RPE Cells
2009 50: 5495-5503. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3193.
This study provides evidence that MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the RPE are highly inducible by oxidative stress leading to increased degradation of type I collagen, a main component of Bruch's membrane.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Visual Psychophysics and Physiological Optics:

Håkan Morén, Per Undrén, Bodil Gesslein, Göran K. Olivecrona, Sten Andreasson, and Malin Malmsjö

The Porcine Retinal Vasculature Accessed Using an Endovascular Approach: A New Experimental Model for Retinal Ischemia
2009 50: 5504-5510. First Published on June 10 2009 as doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3529.
This study establishes a unique technique for transfemoral endovascular catheterization of the retinal circulation. The technique may be useful to produce clear-cut experimental retinal ischemia.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

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